Chemistry: Acids, Bases & Salts

Vocabulary flashcards covering definitions, properties, indicator reactions, solubility rules, and pH concept from the chemistry lecture notes.

Arrhenius Concept of Acids

Defines an acid as a substance that produces $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water.

Brønsted–Lowry Concept of Acids

Defines an acid as a substance that can donate a proton ($H^+$).

Strong Acid

An acid that fully ionizes in water to release $H^+$ ions, such as hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) and sulphuric acid ($H_2SO_4$).

Weak Acid

An acid that partially ionizes in water where only some molecules form ions, such as ethanoic acid ($CH_3COOH$) and methanoic acid ($HCOOH$).

Monoprotic Acid

An acid that donates one $H^+$ ion per molecule, such as $HCl$ or $HNO_3$..

Polyprotic Acid

An acid that donates more than one $H^+$ ion per molecule, such as $H_2SO_4$..

Base

A substance that neutralizes acids, including metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, and ammonia solution.

Alkali

A soluble base that produces hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in water.

Strong Alkali

An alkali that fully ionizes in water and releases the maximum amount of $OH^-$ ions, such as $NaOH$, $KOH$, $LiOH$, and $Ca(OH)_2$.

Weak Alkali

An alkali that only partially ionizes in water, such as ammonia solution ($NH_3$).

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction occurring when an acid and a base react to form a salt and water, with the net ionic equation $H^+(aq) + OH^-(aq) \rightarrow H_2O(l)$.

Precipitation

A method of preparing insoluble salts by mixing two soluble salt solutions together to form an insoluble solid precipitate.

pH

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, expressed as $\text{pH} = -\text{log}([H^+])$.

pOH

The negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration, expressed as $\text{pOH} = -\text{log}([OH^-])$.

Insoluble Chlorides

Chloride salts that are insoluble in water, specifically silver chloride ($AgCl$) and lead chloride ($PbCl_2$).

Insoluble Sulphates

Sulphate salts that are insoluble in water, specifically calcium sulphate ($CaSO_4$), barium sulphate ($BaSO_4$), and lead sulphate ($PbSO_4$).

Methyl Orange

An indicator that is pink in acid and yellow in alkali.

Phenolphthalein

An indicator that is colorless in acid and pink in alkali.

Tannic Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $C_{76}H_{52}O_{46}$ found in tea.

Tartaric Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $C_4H_6O_6$ found in vinegar and grapes.

Lactic Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $C_3H_6O_3$ found in milk.

Carbonic Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $H_2CO_3$ found in Coca-Cola.

Citric Acid

An acid with the chemical formula $C_6H_8O_7$ found in lemons.