Aerobic Gram Negative Cocci

what genus is related to eikenella, kingella, simmonsiella, and moraxella spp.?

neisseria

many ____ is part of normal flora of the upper respiratory tract of animals.

neisseria

which species of neisseria is never a normal flora organism?

neisseria gonorrhoeae

which bacterial genus is a kidney/coffee bean shaped gram negative diplococci or coccobacilli?

neisseria

which species of neisseria is rod-shaped?

neisseria elongate

all neisseria are oxidase ____.

positive

all neisseria are non-motile. true or false?

true

all neisseria are catalase ____.

positive

all neisseria are nitrate ____.

negative

neisseria are not fastidious. true or false?

false

which bacterial genus grow best in 5-10% CO2 at 37°C?

neisseria

which bacterial genus hates the cold and media should be at room temperature before plating for culture?

neisseria

which neisseria species require enriched media (CHOC)?

neisseria gonorrhoeae

which bacteria is also known as gonococcus, GC, clap, or drip?

neisseria gonorrhoeae

neisseria gonorrhoeae will appear as gram negative diplococci often appearing _____ on gram stains (within PMNs).

intracellular

____ urethral specimens with intracellular gram negative diplococci is diagnostic for neisseria gonorrhoeae.

male

____ urethral specimens are not as sensitive via gram stain and thus diagnosis for neisseria gonorrhoeae is made on culture results.

female

____ specimens for neisseria gonorrhoeae contain many normal flora so culture is necessary to diagnose.

rectal

____ specimens with a gram stain alone are not accurate because a patient may be colonized with commensal neisseria species, so culture is needed to diagnose neisseria gonorrhoeae.

pharyngeal

neisseria gonorrhoeae is fastidious and does not survive long outside the host. true or false?

true

the following is associated with culturing _____:

• Must culture immediately

• Swabs, if used, should be of Dacron or rayon (some cotton and calcium alginate swabs may inhibit gonococci)

• Transport media

  • Non-nutrient:

    • Amies medium

    • Can be held at room temp for up to 12 hours before inoculation onto culture media

  • Nutrient

    • Transgrow, JEMBEC, Bio-Bag, Gon-Pak

• Clinical material must be free of lubricants/spermicides

• Do not use cold media, if possible

neisseria gonorrhoeae

neisseria gonorrhoeae will grow on SBA. true or false?

false

the performance of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) with respect to overall sensitivity, and ease of specimen transport is better than that of any of the other tests available for the diagnosis of chlamydial and gonococcal infections. true or false?

true

laboratories should use NAATs to detect chlamydia and gonorrhea except in the cases of ____ involving boys and rectal and oropharyngeal infections in prepubescent girls.

child sexual assault

laboratories should use not use NAATs when evaluating a potential gonorrhea treatment failure because cultures are necessary for _____ testing.

susceptibility

_____ refers to inflammation of the urethra; pus-containing urethral discharge and dysuria.

acute urethritis

neisseria gonorrhoeae in _____ is associated with the following:

• acute urethritis

• prostatis

• epididymitis

males

neisseria gonorrhoeae in _____ is associated with the following:

• urethral infections

• cervicitis

• pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

females

____ refers to an asymptomatic (usually inititally) or produce cervical discharge, fever, acute pain, dysuria.

cervicitis

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to ____.

sterility

neisseria gonorrhoeae in _____ is associated with the following:

• can become infected during vaginal delivery → gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum

neonates

what refers to a severe conjunctivitis leading to blindness in neonates that become infected with neisseria gonorrhoeae during vaginal delivery?

gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum

to prevent gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum, _____ eye drops are administered to all infants at birth.

erythromycin

for medicolegal cases (e.g., suspected child abuse), how many confirmatory tests of different methodologies must be used?

two

which complication of neisseria gonorrhoeae refers to bacteria have spread and colonized the heart’s endocardium → inflammation?

gonorrheal endocarditis

which complication of neisseria gonorrhoeae refers to when bacteria colonizes the membranes that surround the brain (meninges)?

gonorrheal meningitis

which complication of neisseria gonorrhoeae refers to infection within the joints?

gonorrheal arthritis

which complication of neisseria gonorrhoeae refers to colonization of the pharynx?

pharyngeal gonorrhea

which complication of neisseria gonorrhoeae refers to colonization of the anus?

anal gonorrhea

which complication of neisseria gonorrhoeae refers to untreated infections that may result in the bacteria entering the bloodstream → distributed throughout the body?

disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)

which complication of neisseria gonorrhoeae include the usual symptoms: septic arthritis and skin lesions, although numerous parts of the body can become infected?

disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)

emerging antibiotic resistance has reduced treatment options for gonorhea infection. true or false?

true

there are increasing cases of neisseria gonorrhoeae infections that are untreatable by all known antibiotics. ____ are the only antibiotics that stand between treatment and complete resistance.

cephalosporins

serogroups of ____ are differentiated via their polysaccharide capsules.

neisseria meningitidis

neisseria meningitidis are possibly part of normal flora of the upper respiratory tract but are spread by ____.

respiratory droplets

usually those in close contact with those with neisseria meningitidis should be given prophylaxis, usually ____.

ciprofloxacin

the most common serogroups of ____ in the U.S. include A, B, C, Y, and W135.

neisseria meningitidis

_____ includes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome.

meningococcemia

which disease associated neisseria meningitidis includes the following:

• petechiae (hemorrhagic skin lesions) common

• shock

• internal bleeding

• can be rapidly fatal (death can occur hours after first symptoms appear

waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

neisseria meningitidis is vaccine preventable (strains A, B, C, Y, W135). true or false?

true

which species of neisseria is associated with the following information:

• Appropriate specimens for culture:

  • CSF

  • Blood

  • Petechial aspirates

  • Nasopharyngeal swabs

• Get it to the lab quick!

  • Harmed by drying and temperature extremes

• Direct detection: g-stain specimens

  • Examined for intra and extracellular gram negative diplococci

• Latex agglutination & coagglutination antigen detection tests: test for meningococcal antigens

  • CSF

  • Urine

  • Serum

neisseria meningitidis

neisseria meningitidis do not grow on BAP. true or false?

false

neisseria meningitidis should be incubated in _____ CO2 and humidity (like neisseria gonorrhoeae).

increased

which type(s) of meningitis are associated with the following:

• glucose: decreased

• protein: increased

• color: cloudy

• WBC/PMNs: increased / increased

bacterial

which type(s) of meningitis are associated with the following:

• glucose: normal; decreased

• protein: normal; increased

• color: clear / hazy

• WBC/PMNs: normal to increased monos / lymphs

fungal; viral

which type(s) of meningitis are associated with the following:

• glucose: decreased; very decreased

• protein: increased

• color: N/A

• WBC/PMNs: lymphs

TB

other neisseria species include all neisseria except which two species?

neisseria gonorrhoeae; neisseria meningitidis

other neisseria species are normal flora of the ____.

respiratory tract

most "other neisseria species” grow on nutrient agar and are not fastidious. true or false?

true

____ is normal flora of the upper respiratory tract but can cause a number diseases including:

• respiratory tract infections

• bacteremia

• endocarditis

• otitis media

• sinusitis

moraxella catarrhalis

which bacteria is associated with the following:

• grows on BAP, CHOC, most nutrient agars; some strains can grow on gonococcal selective media

  • “hockey puck” or “scoots” when colony pushed on agar surface

• gram stain: gram negative cocci/coccobacilli

moraxella catarrhalis

other than moraxella catarrhalis, other moraxella are ____ shaped.

rod

moraxella catarrhalis is ____ for the following:

• catalase

• oxidase

• DNAse

• nitrate

• butyrate

• esterase

positive

moraxella catarrhalis is assachrolytic so all carbohydrate tests are ____.

negative

what bacteria is associated with the following:

• glucose: positive

• maltose: negative

• lactose: negative

• sucrose: negative

neisseria gonorrhoeae

what bacteria is associated with the following:

• glucose: positive

• maltose: positive

• lactose: negative

• sucrose: negative

neisseria meningitidis

what bacteria is associated with the following:

• glucose: positive

• maltose: positive

• lactose: positive

• sucrose: negative

neisseria lactamica

what bacteria is associated with the following:

• glucose: negative

• maltose: negative

• lactose: negative

• sucrose: negative

moraxella catarrhalis

which bacteria is the only one that is nitrate and DNAse positive in this powerpoint?

moraxella catarrhalis

which testing is the traditional method for ID of neisseria (no longer recommended)?

cystine tripticase agar (CTA)

which testing uses heavy inoculum and high concentration of carbohydrate and the result is ready in 1-4 hours?

rapid carbohydrate test

which test is associated with the following:

• detect preformed enzymes

• colored end product formed when a specific substrate is hydrolyzed by the appropriate bacterial enzyme

• enzymes analyzed for neisseria species:

  • beta galactosidase

  • gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase

  • hydroxyprothylaminopeptidase

• can be used to ID: N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. lactamica (and presumptive M. catarrhalis)

chromogenic substrate tests

which bacteria is associated with the following results:

• beta-galactosidase: negative

• gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase: negative

• hydroxyprothylaminopeptidase: positive

neisseria gonorrhoeae

which bacteria is associated with the following results:

• beta-galactosidase: negative

• gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase: positive

• hydroxyprothylaminopeptidase: negative

neisseria meningitidis

which bacteria is associated with the following results:

• beta-galactosidase: positive

• gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase: negative

• hydroxyprothylaminopeptidase: positive

neisseria lactamica

which bacteria is associated with the following results:

• beta-galactosidase: negative

• gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase: negative

• hydroxyprothylaminopeptidase: negative

moraxella catarrhalis