Patho Exam 1

syndrome

a group of signs and symptoms that occur together

compensatory mechanism

physiological response to homeostatic imbalance to maintain normalcy

etiology

the cause of a disease

pathophysiology

the study of changes in normal anatomy and physiology associated with disease or injury

disease

the state in which a bodliy function is no longer occurring normally

idiopathic

unknown, usually in reference to disease causes

iatrogenic

caused by an unintended effect of medical treatment

signs

clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured

symptoms

clinical manifestations that are described by the patient

acute

a condition that is short term in nature, occurring and resolving

chronic

state that occurs when an acute disease does not resolve in a short period of time

Ischemia

decreased blood flow to tissue or an organ

apoptosis

mechanism of programmed cell death that occurs because of morphological changes in cells

necrosis

death of most of all the cells in an organ or tissue due to damage because of disease, injury, or lack of blood supply

homeostatsis

equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. In the body, this self-regulating, give and take system responds to minor changes in the body’s status through compensation mechanisms

Predisposing factor

tendency that puts an individual at risk for developing certain diseases

Manifestation

the clinical effects or evidence of a disease. May include both signs and symptoms

neoplasm

acellular growth that is no longer responding to normal regulator processes, usually because of a mutation. Also called a “tumor”.

congenital

conditons involving defects or damage to a developing fetus

prevention

strategies used to avoid the development of disease in individuals or groups

Hypertrophy

increase in the size of cells to meet increased work demand

dysplasia

cells mutate into cells of different size, shape, and appearance; precancerous

metaplasia

one adult cell is replaced by another cell type because of chronic irritation and inflammation

atrophy

decrease in the size of cells to conserve energy and resources

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells usually because of normal stimuli

atrophy examples

• limb in a cast/paralyzed limb

• brain in Alzheimer’s disease

• ovaries after menopause

dysplasia examples

cervical changes from HPV

hyperplasia example (compensatory)

wound healing

hyperplasia example (hormonal)

endometriosis

hypertrophy (normal)

bigger biceps from weight lifting

hypertrophy (abnormal)

enlarged left ventricle of the heart due to hypertension

metaplasia (example)

Barret’s esophagus

hypoxia

• lack of O2

• cause of cell injury

ischemia

• due to decrease blood flow

• causes hypoxia

benign cancer

• cells are similar to normal cells

• usually encapsulated

• do not invade into lymph nodes or distant location

malignant cancer

• vary in size and shape

• lack a capsule

• metatasis

Tay Sach’s Disease

early onset in life Parent of Jewish descent

• death occurs by age 5

Tay Sach’s Disease (type of mutation)

autosomal recessive

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

delayed onset of disease Cafe au lait spots Scoliosis

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Type of mutation)

autosomal dominant

Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)

risk increases with mother’s age Simian crease, upward slant of eyes

• increased risk of leukemia and Alzheimer’s Disease

Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) [type of mutation]

chromosomal

Kinefelter’s Syndrome (polysomy X)

Karyotype is XXY

• small penis and testes

• gynecomastia and increased risk of breast cancer

Klinefelter’s Syndrome (polysomy X) [Type of mutation]

chromosomal

Fetal Alchol Syndrome

condition obvious at birth

• feeding and speech issues

• increased risk if mother smokes or has diabetes

Fetal Alchol Syndrome (type of mutation)

multifactoral

Marfan’s Syndrome

later onset in life

• risk of aortic aneurysm, aortic valve defects, coarctation of aorta

• Abraham Lincoln appearance

Marfan’s syndrome (type of mutation)

autosomal dominant

Fragile X syndrome

large ears and long narrow face, large testes

• behavioral issues; often on autism spectrum

• if father has disease, all daughters are carriers

Fragile X syndrome (type of mutation)

sex-linked

Turner’s Syndrome (monosomy X)

Karyotype= X

• drooping eyelids and webbed neck

• gonadal streaks causing infertility

Turner’s Syndrome (monosomy X) [type of mutation]

chromosomal

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

normal at birth but fails to meet milestones

• screened with heel stick at day 3 of life

• enzyme deficiency for phenylalanine

PKU (type of mutation)

autosomal recessive

Cystic Fibrosis

child has salty skin

• error in cloride moving into and out of cells

• lungs and digestive system affected due to thick secretions

• diagnosed with sweat chloride test

Cystic Fibrosis (type of mutation)

autosomal recessive

Cleft lip and palate

condition obvious at birth

• thin upper lip and smooth philtrum

• ahort palpebral fissyre lenght of eyes

• cognitive impairment

Cleft lip and palate (type of mutation)

multifactorial

immune system functions

• protect the body from antigens

• remove damaged cells

• destroy cancer cells

What does the immune system function through?

• innate defenses

• adaptive defenses

• lymphatic system

1st line of defense (immune system)

• innate

• can distinguish between self and non-self

• CANNOT distringuish between pathogens

innate defensive (1st line) includes

1. skin

2. mucous membranes

3. tears

4. saliva

5. stomach acid

immune system 2nd line of defense

• innate reponse

• occurs after antigens penetrate 1st line of defense

immune system 2nd line of defense includes

1. inflammatory response

2. pyrogens

3. interferons

4. complement proteins

manifestations of the inflammatory response

1. erythema

2. edema

3. warmth

4. pain

immune system 3rd line of defense

• adaptive

• CAN distinguish between self and non-self

• CAN distinguish between pathogens

The 3rd line of defense includes

• T Cells

• B cells

Cellular immunity

T cells are included with……

Humoral immunity

B cells are included in……..

Histamine

secreted by mast cells and cause vasodilation

Adaptive defense

also known as acquired defense; results in antibody development in response to antigen

Pyrogens

fever producing molecules

complement protein

blood plasma proteins that enhance antibodies’ actions; activated be antigens

Innate defense

nonspecific defense mechanisms in response to an antigen; activated immediately or within a few hours

Antigen

foreign agent that triggers an immune response

Interferons

small protein released from virus infected cells; prevents further viral replication

Phagocytosis

cell eating

Prostaglandins

causes pain by stimulating pain receptors

Immunolglobulin

another name for an antibody

Cellular Immunity

1. regulator

   1. helper T cells

   2. Suppressor T cells

2. Effector (killer cyotoxic)

Helper T cells

notify B cells

viruses and cancer

T cells protect against ________ and __________.

Hypersenitiivty and transplant

T cells are responsible for _______________ reactions and ____________ reactions (rejections).

Humoral Immunity

• Memory B cells

• Antibody-producing B cells

Memory B cells

remembers antigens

Antibody-producing B cells

produce antibodies after initial exposure

active and passive

B cells are involved in ___________ and ___________ acquired immunities.

IgA (aliens)

important in local immunity

• protects from outside exposure

• found in membranes od respiratory and GI tract, tears, saliva, mucous

IgD (Dispatch)

present on B-cell surface

• receptor for antigens

• activates B-cells to go to work

IgM (Massive)

• fights blood infections

• triggers production of IgG

• 1st antibody made by fetus

• large molecules that can’t leave blood vessels

IgE (Epi-pen)

• triggers allergic reactions

• protects body through prescence in mucous membranes and skin

IgG (little and big G)

cross placenta to protect fetus

• passive immunity

• largest amount and main defense against bacteria

Active Acquired Immunity

has a slow onset but long duration

Natural Active

have the disease and antibodies are formed

Artifical Active

vaccinations

• no illness but antibodies are formed

Passive acqired immunity

has a quick onset but short duration

Natural Passive

passed from mom to baby through a placenta and breastfeeding

Artifical Passive

antibodies injected directly into body to provide temporary protection until body can make antibodies on own (rabies/ebola)

Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction

• IgE mediated

• immediate/ B-cells

• subsequent exposure makes reaction worse