Define Hypothesis
A statement that can be refuted based off the results of an observed experiment
The Characteristics of a Hypothesis
Predict the difference
Precise statements
refutable
The Null Hypothesis
Predicts no change
One Tailed Hypothesis
Predicts an effect in one direction (variable predicted to be greater than the others)
Two Tailed Hypothesis
Predicts an effect in two directions (variable predicted to be greater or lesser than the others)
Define Operationalizing a Variable
This means expressing a variable in a term that can be measured.
For example, sleep could be measured in time.
Define Extraneous Variables
Unforseen/uncontrollable External factors that influence the outcome of the experiment
Define Confounding Variables
Affects the relationship between the IV and DV and impacts results of experiment
Define Theory
explain the long-term consequences of human behavior
provide robust evidence-based clarifications as to why people believe, behave, and react how they do
What is meant by a “fixed mindset?” What is meant by a “growth mindset?”
a. Fixed = belief that intelligence/traits/personality are set, and cannot grow/change
b. Growth = belief that abilities and be developed/changed with effort
What is Dweck’s theory about the effect of praise (1988)?
Praise focused on intelligence cultivates a fixed mindset, and does not encourage effort/creates fear of appearing inept
Praise focused on effort encourages growth and ultimately results in better performance compared to students with fixed mindsets
How does Dweck carry out research to test her theory? What was her procedure?
Had two groups of students, both carrying out the same task
First group praised on intelligence, second group praised on effort
Followed up both groups with a survey
Both groups then performed challenging tasks, followed by easier tasks
Both groups then had to anonymously self-report their score
What were Dweck’s findings? What were the results of her study?
Easier task was more appealing to Intelligence Praised Group (IPG), and when performing challenging tasks, lost motivation and confidence, which then affected performance on easier task. A larger portion of IPGS compared to Effort Praised Group (EPG) lied about their score
EPG were excited to try challenges and were not discouraged when task was hard. They stayed motivated and cheated less compared to the IPG.
Finally, what are the implications for her research? What do they mean for our own school community?
Apply the findings to how we praise children in school and home settings
CHoose to praise them for their effort and not results, so that they can develop to be more resilient and build self-esteem on solid foundations
What does TEACUP stand for?
Testable:
Empirical support:
Application:
Clearly defined variables:
Unbiased:
Predicts behavior:
What does empirical support mean
A good theory has evidence to support it. Good empirical support is not from a highly artificial situation and it is reliable (the evidence can be replicated).
What is random sampling
all the people in the target population have an equal chance of being chosen for the research
What is the advantage of random sampling
Limits conscious bias
Disadvanteg of random sampling
May take time
Might not be accurate reflection of demographics
Participants might not be committed
Stratified Sampling
This is designed to make sure that the sample is truly representative of the population
It is done by breaking the whole population down into sub-groups and then making sure that the sub-groups in the sample are in proportion with the whole population.
Strat. sampling adv
More likely to accurately reflect population
Strat sampling disadv
Tricky to accurately/effectively sort population into subgroups
Takes time
Participants might not be committed
oppurtunity sampling
Also known as a convenience sample. This is surveying whoever is there and is ready to take part.
opp sampling adv
Quicker
easy to access
opp sampling disavant
Higher chance of biased data (only get data from pro-social people/location data collected in may affect reflection of population)
Self-Selected Sampling
Also, known as a volunteer sample. Simply get those who are willing to take part.
self selected advat=ng
Quicker
People who sign up are more likely to be committed to the research
self selected sampling disavatnge
Self selection bias
Affects accuracy of reflection of population
Purposive sampling
looking for people with a very specific set of traits.
Often accomplished with self-selected sampling
purposive sampling advantage
Can target niche demographics for specific data
Can get data on extremes
purposive sampling disavantage
Prone to researcher bias
snowball sampling
type of purposive sampling, but network sampling is used when you are looking for participants from a specific group which would not respond to an ad in a paper.
snowball sampling advanatge
Quicker to find participants
Cost effective
snowball sampling disavanateg
Sampling bias
RIsk of lack of cooperation
What is + Who benefits from Informed Consent
Participant consents to terms of experiment
Researcher benefit
Not held liable
participant benefit
Don't have to do anything they don't consent to
What is + Who benefits from Deception
Researchers can withhold details of investigation
Have to keep in anything that can harm/violate
Researcher benefit
Nothing will impact the result of the experiment
What is + Who benefits from Confidentiality
Information of participant will be kept private
Participant benefit
Can be anonymous
What is + Who benefits from Right to Withdraw
At any point participant can back out of experiment
Participant benefit
Not forced to participate
What is + Who benefits from Protection from Harm
Experiment cannot harm participant
Researcher benefit
Not held liable
participant benefit
Don't have to do anything they causes harm