Protestant Reformation

What was the most powerful institution in Europe around 1500 CE?

The Roman Catholic Church

What practice was used as evidence of corruption in the Catholic Church?

The sale of Indulgences

Who was Martin Luther?

A German Christian Monk who criticized the Catholic Church and posted the 95 Theses.

What were the 95 Theses?

A list of discussion points by Martin Luther aimed at reforming the Catholic Church.

What significant technological advancement helped spread Martin Luther's ideas?

The Printing Press

What was the outcome of Martin Luther's trial by the Holy Roman Emperor?

He was excommunicated and labeled heretical.

What movement did Martin Luther's actions spark?

The Protestant Reformation

What was the Council of Trent?

A meeting called by the Catholic Pope to strategize against the Protestant Reformation.

What was one decision made during the Council of Trent regarding the Inquisition?

To investigate suspected heretics and seize Protestant literature.

What was the role of the Jesuits established after the Council of Trent?

To conduct international missionary work across Europe and the Americas.

What major reform did the Council of Trent implement regarding indulgences?

They stopped the sale of indulgences.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

An agreement allowing lords in the HRE to choose between Moderate Protestantism or Catholicism.

What Protestant denomination did England establish under King Henry VIII?

Anglicanism

What were the French Wars of Religion?

Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in France, ending with the Edict of Nantes.

What was the Thirty Years War?

A devastating conflict in Europe (1618-1648) resulting from tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A decree that granted religious tolerance to Protestants in France.

What was the significance of the Protestant Reformation?

It led to the renouncement of Catholicism by many and the establishment of Protestantism.

What cultural spheres were discussed in relation to the Protestant Reformation?

Sinosphere, Mediterranean, Indosphere, Russosphere, and Dar al-Islam.

What was a notable consequence of the Protestant Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire?

The division of the HRE into Catholic and Protestant territories.