245 exam 1 pending chapter 8

Physiology

The study of body function

Pathophysiology

The study of the body's response to dysfunction and disease

Physiology of the kidneys

The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and produce urine

Pathophysiology of kidney failure

The kidneys lose their ability to filter blood and excrete waste

Clinical manifestation of kidney failure

Physiologic failure leads to a buildup of toxins in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and swelling

Disease

Interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure

Congenital

Present at birth

Aspects of the disease process (6)

Etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, clinical course

Etiology

Causative factors in a particular disease

Predisposing factors

Tendencies that promote development of a disease

Etiologic factors (causes of disease)

Biologic agents, physical forces, chemical agents, and nutritional excesses or deficits

Diagnosis

Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem through identification of a specific disease

Process of diagnosis

Medical history and interview, physical exam, laboratory testing (primary tool for diagnosing diseases)

Laboratory test interpretation pillars

Reliability, validity, sensitivity and specificity

Reliability

The extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives the same response

Validity

The extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure

Sensitivity and specificity

Determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies people with or without a disease

Levels of tissue examination

Gross level, microscopic level, autopsy

Gross level

Structural changes that can be seen with the naked eye like organs and body systems

Microscopic level examination types

Cellular level and biopsy

Cellular level test types

Cytologic and cytogenetic tests

Biopsy

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

Autopsy

Examination of body and organs after death

Mammogram specificity

The percent of people without breast cancer who receive a correct negative mammogram result

Pathogenesis

Development of the disease through morphologic and physiologic changes in cells, tissues, and organs

Clinical course

Evolution of the disease

Clinical disease courses

Acute and chronic

Acute disease

Severe, self-limiting, develops rapidly, usually short-term

Chronic condition

Develops gradually, persists for a long period, may have periods

Exacerbations

Aggravations

Remission

Decreased severity, symptoms and signs subside or absent

Subacute

Between acute and chronic, symptoms are often less pronounced than in the acute phase, but they are more persistent

Subclinical state

Pathologic changes occur, but no obvious manifestations

Latent state

No symptoms or clinical signs are evident

Periods of clinical course of infection

Incubation period, prodromal period, acute stage, convalescence

Incubation period

Stage from the time of exposure to onset of illness

Incubation period clinical course

Latent asymptomatic stage

Incubation period pathogenesis

Pathogen enters the host and colonizes appropriate site

Prodromal period

Early development of an infectious disease

Prodromal period clinical course

Signs are non-specific or absent

Prodromal period pathogenesis

Pathogen multiplied to start causing the body's immune system to react, but not yet enough to cause the specific symptoms of the disease

Acute stage

Specific for disease signs of and symptoms are present

Acute stage clinical course

Symptoms intensifying rapidly

Acute stage pathogenesis

Pathogen is multiplying rapidly, toxins present in the blood

Convalescence

Period of recovery

Convalescence clinical course

Symptoms and signs subside

Convalescence Pathogenesis

Immune systems clear tissues from pathogens

Clinical manifestations

Display of characteristic signs and symptoms

Signs

Manifestations noted by observer

Symptoms

Subjective complaints noted by person with disorder

Syndrome

Collection of signs and symptoms

Complications

Adverse extensions of the disease or outcomes of treatment

Precipitating factor

Condition that triggers an acute episode or complication

Aspects of the disease process

Morphologic changes, therapy, rehabilitation, prognosis

Morphologic changes

Structural changes of tissues and cells that cause or caused by disease

Therapy

Measures to promote recovery or slow disease progression

Rehabilitation

Maximizing function of diseased tissues

Prognosis

Probability for recovery or for other outcomes

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution, patterns, causes, and risk factors of diseases in populations

Epidemiology purpose

Identifies causative factors and tracks disease occurrence to control and prevent diseases

Disease case

Can be either an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness

Epidemic

Increased number of cases of an infectious disease within a specific population or geographic area

Pandemic

Increased number of cases across continents

Key concepts in epidemiology

Morbidity, mortality, incidence, prevalence

Morbidity

Number of people with a disease within a group

Mortality

Number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group

Incidence

Number of new cases in a population within a specific time period

Prevalence

Number of new and existing cases in a population within a specific time period (percentage)

Natural history of a disease

Predictor of outcome for diseases for which there is no effective treatment

Benefit of natural history of a disease

Information and potential of effective treatment methods provide directions for preventive measures

Levels of disease prevention

Primary, secondary, tertiary

Primary disease prevention

Removing risk factors so disease does not occur

Secondary disease prevention

Detecting disease while still curable

Tertiary disease prevention

Preventing further deterioration or reducing disease complications

Physiologic

Normal, healthy biological processes and body functions

Pathologic

Processes that involve or are caused by disease

Definition of cellular adaptations

The cells response to escape and protect itself from injury

Types of adaptive changes in cells

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Atrophy results in

Reduction of tissue or organ size

Physiologic atrophy is caused by

Decreased cell activity, reduced hormone stimulation, or aging related changes

Physiologic atrophy examples

Involution of thymus, decrease in muscle mass with aging, uterine shrinkage after menopause

Involution of thymus

Shrinkage of the thymus gland after puberty

Pathologic atrophy is caused by

Decreases in workload, pressure, decreased blood supply, poor nutrition, loss of hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation

Pathologic atrophy cell behavior

Cells adapt by decreasing protein synthesis, increasing protein breakdown, and activating autophagy

Pathologic atrophy examples

Disuse from immobilization and muscle loss from nerve injury

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Hypertrophy results in

Enlargement of tissue or organ

Hypertrophy is caused by

Increased work demand or hormones

Physiologic hypertrophy example

Muscle growth from weight training

Pathologic hypertrophy is caused by

Disease or abnormal stress

Pathologic hypertrophy example

Left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertension

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Two common types of physiologic hyperplasia

Compensatory and hormonal

Compensatory hyperplasia

Allows organs to regenerate

Compensatory hyperplasia example

Regeneration of the liver after partial removal

Hormonal hyperplasia

Replaces lost tissue or supports new growth

Hormonal hyperplasia example

Breast gland enlargement during pregnancy resulting from estrogen stimulation

Pathologic hyperplasia results from

Excessive hormonal stimulation or effects of growth factors on target tissue

Pathologic hyperplasia example

Enlargement of the prostate in BPH