unit 3 bio

lophotrochozoa

all are invertebrates, bilateral, and triploblastic; type of protostome; 6 within: mollusca, platyhelminthes, syndermata, annelid, Ectoprocta, brachiopoda

platyhelminthes

acoelomates, cephalized; gastrovascular cavity; many are parasites; live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial areas; use diffusion for gas exchange; have most organ systems; lack respiratory and circulatory system

how do Platyhelminthes do gas exchange and get rid of nitrogenous waste

diffusion across the body surface

planaria

free living flatworm; within locotrophozoa and platyhelminthes; contains ganglia which are dense clusters of nerve cell bodies around the eyes

coelomates

true body; contains outer body covering from ectoderm, tissue filled region from mesoderm, and digestive tract from endoderm

labeled (gastrovascular cavity, ventral nerve cords, pharynx, mouth, eyespots, ganglia)

done

protonephridia with flame cells

found in excretory system of platyhelminthes; removes excess water and some wastes

tapeworm

parasitic- found in undercooked infected beef, pork, or fish; absorptive; no mouth or gastrovascular cavity; platyhelminthes

life cycle of tapeworm

tania saginata and sodium are inside of feces and passed into the enviornment; cattle ingest this contaminated vegetation; embryos penetrate intestinal wall and develop in muscle of cattle; humans are infected by ingesting raw or undercooked meat with the Tania saginata or solium

syndermata

pseudocoeloms; free living, aquatic, microscopic; filter feeders; crown of cilia; alimentary canal; have jaws; parthogenesis; type of locotrophozoa

alimentary canal

digestive tube with 2 openings- mouth and anus

parthogenesis

asexual; virgin females produce more females from unfertilized eggs

ectoprocta

true coelom, lophophorate; aquatic; lophotrocozoa; ex: creeping bryozoan

lophophorate

crown of ciliated tentacles around the mouth used for feeding; found in Ectoprocta and brachiopods

brachiopod

true coelom; lophophorate; aquatic; contains a pedicle, which allows it to anchor to hard or soft floor

mollusca

coelomate but coelom is reduced; alimentary canal; some have trochophore larvae; 3-part body: muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle; open circulatory system except for Cephalopoda; 4 major clades: polyplacophora (chiton), Gastropoda (snails and slugs), bivalvia (clams and oysters), Cephalopoda (squids, octopus); gills or simple lungs

basic mollusk body plan

foot, nerve cords, visceral mass (coelom, metanephridum, heart, gonads, intestine)

why do mollusks make pearls

secrete minerals that make shells (if present) for protection; covers visceral mass

annelida

some have trochophore larval stage; segmented worms; coelomate, segmented, soft body with the coelom acting as the hydrostatic cavity; closed circulatory system; has internal organs except for respiratory tract

earthworms

annelida; few bristles; segmented; no parapodia; terrestrial or freshwater ; eat decaying matter and aerate soil

leeches

annelida; segmented; no bristles, no parapodia; parasitic or predatory; freshwater, some terrestrial; anti-coagulant keeps blood from clotting

ecdysozoa

most species-rich; covered by cuticle- ecdysis; 2 largest phyla are nematodes(pseudo) and arthropods(coelom)

ecdysozoa

all are invertebrates, bilateral, and triploblastic; type of protostome; have cuticle and undergo ecdysis (molting); 2 phyla: Nematoda and arthropoda

nematoda

pseudocoelom- no circulatory system tough but flexible cuticle; no segmentation; roundworm; some are plant and animal parasites; diffusion; ex- c elegans

trichinella spiralis

causes spiralis; nematoda parasite; given to humans by eating undercooked meat

wucheria Bancrofti

causes elephantiasis; nematoda/roundworm parasite; causes deforming body swelling

arthropoda

coelomates (very reduced); most diverse; segmented into 2-3 parts- molting for growth; jointed appendages; hard exoskeleton; have all organ systems; open circulatory system (hemolymph); gas exchange varies; 4 types: chelicerate, myriapoda, crustacean, Hexapoda

circulatory system in arthropods

open; use hemolymph in vessels and bathes tissues; doesn’t use blood pigments for carrying O2; is NOT involved in gas exchange in insects or myriapoda

aquatic arthropoda gas exchange

hemolymph is pumped through feathery gills in contact with water

terrestrial arthropoda gas exchange

use trachea and book lungs as respiratory organs; trachea takes air directly to cells for gas exchange

chelicerates

cephalothorax+abdomen ; feed using pedipalps and chelicerae; 6 total pairs of appendages: 4 walking + 1 pedipalps + 1 chelicerae ; no antenna; arachnids- spiders, scorpions, ticks & mites (parasites and vectors); arthropoda

chelicerae

claw like appendages for feeding; found in chelicerates

pedipalps

appendages for sensing, feeding, defense, reproduction; found in chelicerates

myriapod

1 pair antennae; terrestrial; chewing mandibles; millipedes (2 per segment, poison claw, carnivores) and centipedes (4 per segment, detri/herbivores); segmented; tracheal system; arthropods

crustaceans

marine and freshwater; 2 pairs of antennae; many legs; chewing mandibles; all types: predators, herbivores, scavengers, filter feeders, parasites); use circulatory system for breathing; includes lobster, shrimp, crawfish, barnacles; arthropod

hexapods

first animals to fly; successful on land; contains insects; arthropoda

insect

1 pair of antenna, compound eyes, mandibles; 3 parts: head, thorax, abdomen; 3 pairs of legs; complex organ systems; unique organ systems: Malpighian tubules in excretory, circulatory system not involved in gas exchange, tracheal system used for gas exchange; some camouflage, huge ecological impact

deuterostome

bilateral, triploblastic, invertebrates and vertebrates; coelomates; contains chordata and echinodermata

echinodermata

bilateral as larvae- pentaradial (5) as adults; deuterostome; exclusively marine; free living; endoskeleton of CaCO3; coelomate; no cephalization; unique water vascular system; can be detrivore, filter feeders, herbivores, predators

unique water vascular system in echinodermata

network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet (in radial canals) that function in locomotion, feeding, and chemical sensations

porifera

no true tissues; filter feeders; most basal of animalia; sponges; contains choanocytes which are very similar to choanoflagellates

cnidaria

radial symmetry, diploblastic; gastrovascular cavity; not a proto or deutero stone; nematocysts; no cephalization

basic sponge body plan

osculum, ostia, spongocoel, mesohyl

pinacocyte

forms outer covering of sponge

porocyte

controls water flow through Ostia in sponge

ameobocyte

delivers nutrients to cells and differentiates into other cell types in the sponge

choanocyte

generates water current and filters food particles from water in sponge; becomes linked to amoeba

porifera structure contents

supported by spicules (made by sclerocytes) and protein fibers (made by spongocytes); ameobocytes in mesohyl form the cells that make spicules and spongin

5 characteristics present in chordates (embryos)

notochord (forms invertebral discs), dorsal hollow nerve chord (rolled ectoderm develops into central nervous system), post anal tail (locomotion), pharyngeal slits(develops into jaw or gills), endostyle(invertebrate chordates)/thyroid gland(vertebrate chordates)

cephalochordata

all key chordate features in adult; invertebrate; lancelet; basal; diffusion; aquatic; burrows and filter feeds

urochordata

larva have all chordate features but adults dont; invertebrate; tunicates; basal; sessile as adults so dont have notochord, post anal tail, dorsal nerve cord;

how many HOX genes in invertebrates?

single

vertebrate characteristics

vertebra (cartilage or bone) encloses nerve cord; 2 or more HOX genes; skull/cranium

cyclostome

chordate; hagfish and lamprey; vertebrate; incompletely developed vertebrae; only vertebrates without jaws; cartilage skull; hagfish = defensive slime; lamprey = parasite

gnathostome

chordate, vertebrate; vertebrates with hinged jaws- derived from skeletal rods; lateral line system (detect vibrations); larger forebrain for enhanced smell and sight; blatant ex- chondrichthyes

chondrichthyes

chordate, vertebrate, gnathostome; cartilage skeleton w bony teeth- no bones to reduce density; liver oils and active swimming for buoyancy; 3 types of internal fertilization; most are predatory or filter feeders; sharks, rays, skates

3 types of reproduction adaptations of chondrichthyes

all are internal fertilization; oviparous (eggs laid and hatch outside mother body- get food from yolk); viviparous (develop in uterus, get nutrients from placenta, live birth); ovoviviparous (egg in mother, fed by yolk and live birth)

osteichthyes

chordate, vertebrate, gnathostome; bony; oviparous, operculum (gill cover); swim bladder for buoyancy; ray finned and lobe finned fish

ray finned fish

thin fins with long rays; most diverse vertebrates; source of human proteins; actinopterygii

lobe finned fish

pelvic and pectoral find supported with bones and muscles; limbs in humans evolved from them; actinista and dipnoi

tetrapods

chordate, vertebrate, gnathostome; four limbs with wrists and digits; neck lets head move independently of body; absence of gills except for aquatic species; 2 types: amphibia and amniotes (reptilia, mammalia)

ancestors of tetrapods

lobe finned, lung breathing fish; tiktaalik- transitional

amphibia

chordate, vertebrate, tetrapoda; tied to freshwater; basal extant(living) tetrapod group; thin moist skin; diffusion and gulps air to fill lungs; aquatic larval stage(gills) to metamorphosis into carnivorous adult; oviparous

3 gnathostome fish lineages

cartilaginous, ray-finned (actinopterygii), lobe finned (actinista, dipnoi)

amniotic eggs (mammals and reptiles)

reproduction freed from water; must have internal fertilization; main extra embryonic membranes sustain the embryo with minimal water loss: porous egg shell (gas exchange), amnion (cushion embryo), albumen (stores water)

anapsid

0 openings in temporal fenestrae; turtles

synapsid

1 opening per side in temporal fenestrae; mammals

diapsid

2 openings per side in temporal fenestrae; reptiles and birds

reptiles

tetrapoda, amniota; scaly skin allowed them to live on land; use lungs- no respiration; negative pressure to expand lungs; snakes, legless lizards

birds

tetrapoda, amniote- archosaur; diverged from theropod dinosaurs; 7 adaptations for flight; earliest known- archaeopteryx

7 adaptations for bird flight

contour feathers provide lift for wings; hollow/pneumatization/decrease in # bones, stubby tail (flight maneuver), no teeth(beak), 4 chambered heart, negative pressure breathing, urogenital adaptations (no bladder/urethra, 1 ovary, sex organs only functional in breeding season, gizzard grinds up food)

who did mammals descend from

synapsid amniotes who had mammal traits

8 mammal characteristics/traits

3 types: marsupials, monotremes. eutherians; mammary/milk glands; hair/fur; teeth (vary in size and number); developed brain; ribcage breathing; diff digestive tract for herb/carnivores; sweating for evaporative cooling; kidneys conserve water

monotreme

lay shelled eggs (oviparous); no nipples; only echidnas and platypus; mammals

marsupial

embryo grows in uterus w placenta, born, and crawls to maternal pouch; short pregnancy; latches onto nipple; viviparous; mammal

eutherian

long pregnancy; better placenta; more developed at birth; viviparous; most diverse; mammal; contains primates

primates

part of eutherian mammals; tree-living characteristic; grasping hands/feet, flat nails; large brain, forward eyes, flat face; 3 living groups: lemur, tarsier (both arboreal), anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans)

anthropoids

new world monkeys-spider monkey (grasping/prehensile tail, arboreal ) and old world monkeys- baboon (tails cant grasp), apes(lesser and greater), humans (both no tail); mammals-eutherian-primate;

lesser apes

smaller size, tree climbers, arboreal; hylobatidae family

greater apes

includes humans; larger body; larger brains; time on ground; belong to hominidae family; gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans