chapter 5 structure and function of large biological molecules

what are the 4 main classes of large molecules of organisms?

what are the 4 main classes of large molecules of organisms?

carbohydrates

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

how many amino acids are there?

20

hormone

steroid, signal that travels through the body

what are the 2 functions of polysaccharides?

strengthens plant and fungal cell walls and exoskeletons

stores glucose for energy

steroid backbone

picture

triacyglycerol

fat, oil, glycerol, 3 fatty acids, energy source

steroidd

4 fused rings with attached chemical groups, component of

where is chitin found?

animals and fungi

what are the 3 classes of macromolecules?

carbohydrate

protein

nucleic acid

macromolecule

large molecule of covalently bonded atoms

polymer

long and large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

monomers

small and similar building blocks that make up polymers

what reaction connects monomers?

dehydration synthesis

what occurs in dehydration reaction, condensation reaction, dehydration synthesis?

2 monomers are bonded together through the loss of a water molecule

what type of reaction converts polymers to monomers?

hydrolysis

hydro

water

lysis

break

what type of reaction is C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆→C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O?

dehydration reaction

glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

monomer, monosaccharide

what happens when 2 monomers are joined?

water molecule is removed

carbohydrate

sugar, starch, fuel, building material

hydrolysis

reaction that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis

monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrates, fuel, C source that can be converted to other molecules or combines into polymers

ribose

5-C pentose sugar with the formula C₅H₁₀O₅

penta

5

hexose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

sugar

what are the 3 hexose sugars?

glucose

galactose

fructose

what are the 2 functional groups that hexose sugars have?

carbonyl

hydroxyl

what is the difference between aldehyde sugar and ketone sugar?

the location of the carbonyl group

where are the carbons in a ring structure?

at the corners or numbers

what is happening in this reaction: C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆→C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O?

2 monomers are joined to make a polymer

disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined together through dehydration synthesis

what are the 3 disaccharide with the formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁?

maltose, malt sugar

sucrose, table sugar

lactose

what 2 monosaccharides make maltose, malt sugar?

glucose

what 2 monosaccharides make sucrose, table sugar?

glucose and fructose

what 2 monosaccharides make lactose?

glucose and galactose

where is maltose, malt sugar found?

beer

where is sucrose, table sugar found?

plants

where is lactose found?

milk

what do all sugars end in?

ose

glycosidic linkage

covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides

what does a 1 - 4 glycosidic linkage mean?

a number 1 C of one monosaccharide is joined to a number 4 C of another monosaccharide

what are the 2 types of polysaccharides?

storage

structural

storage polysaccharide ex

plants store starch

structural polysaccharide ex

cellulose makes up plant cells

why can cellulose not be digested by humans?

they do not have the enzymes

what 3 organisms can digest cellulose?

cow

termite

fungi

what carbohydrate has 1 - 4 B glucose linkages?

starch

glycogen

storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates that is in the liver of animals

chitin

structural polysaccharide that gives cockroaches their crunch

lipid

fat, wax, oil, phospholipid, steroid, diverse group of molecules

what characteristic do all lipids have?

hydrophobic

what are the 2 building blocks of fats?

glycerol

fatty acid

a fat had 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule. how many water molecules will be removed to form it?

3

what process bonds the building blocks of fats?

dehydration synthesis

fatty acid chain

picture

unsaturated fat

fat with one or more double bonds in its fatty acid chains

2 examples of saturated fats

butter

lard

2 examples of unsaturated fats

olive oil

cod liver oil

why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

the kinks where the cis double bonds are located prevent the molecules from packing together closely enough to solidify at room temperature

trans fat

unsaturated fat with trans double bonds formed artificially by adding H to vegetable oil

why should trans fat be limited in a diet?

it can contribute to coronary heart disease

phospholipid

phosphate group, 2 fatty acids

why is the tail of a phospholipid hydrophobic?

it is made up of nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules

phospholipid bilayer

structure in a plasma membrane

why are the tails of the phospholipids located in the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

to avoid the water

cholesterol

3 hexagons and a doghouse structure, steroid, component of cell membrane

2 examples of steroids

estradiol

testosterone

enzyme

globular protein that accelerates certain chemical reactions and exhibits at least tertiary structure

enzyme example

digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

what do storage proteins do?

stores amino acids

storage protein example

ovalbumin is used as an amino source for developing embryo

transport protein example

hemoglobin transports O from the lungs to other parts of the body

what do defensive proteins do?

protects against diseases

defensive protein example

antibodies inactivate and destroy viruses and bacteria

what do hormonal proteins do?

coordinates an organism’s activities

hormonal protein example

insulin causes other tissues to take up glucose this regulating blood sugar concentration

amino acid

monomer of protein

R group

side chain

how many R groups are there?

20

what makes an R group nonpolar?

hydrocarbon

what makes an R group polar?

hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, NH2

what makes an R groups acidic and electrically charged?

ionized carboxyl group

what makes an R group basic and electrically charged?

positively charged amino group

dipeptide

protein with two amino acids

polypeptide

unbranched polymer of the same set of 20 amino acids, protein

peptide bond

covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid from dehydration synthesis

what are the 4 levels of protein stucture?

primary (I^o)

secondary (II^o)

tertiary (III^o)

quaternary (IIII^o)

what are the 2 types of secondary (II^o) protein structures?

alpha helix

beta pleated sheet

primary (I^o) protein structure

sequence of amino acids, order of letters in a long word determined by inherited genetic info

secondary (II^o) protein structure

coils and folds of a polypeptide chain found in most proteins formed from H bonds between repeating parts of the polypeptide backbone

alpha helix

delicate coil held together by H bonding between every 4th amino acid, coil, single strand, ~

beta pleated sheet

2 or more segments of a polypeptide chain lying side by side connected by H bonds in a folded structure, =

tertiary (III^o) protein structure

interaction among side chains

quaternary (IIII^o) protein structure

multiple polypeptide chains that forms one macromolecule

what 5 interactions are in tertiary protein structures?

H

ionic

hydrophobic interaction

van der Waals interaction

disulfide bridge

disulfide bridge

strong covalent bond that may reinforce the protein’s structure

primary (I^o) protein structure example

transthyretin is made up of 4 identical polypeptide chains each composed of 127 amino acids