Studied by 40 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Intelligence
The mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Intelligence test
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
General intelligence (g)
A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test, used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
Savant syndrome
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.
Grit
Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
Emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
Mental age
A measure of intelligence test performance that corresponds to a given level of performance.
Stanford-Binet
The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test.
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
A score that represents an individual's intelligence relative to the average score of others.
Achievement test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned.
Aptitude test
A test designed to predict a person's future performance based on their capacity to learn.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The most widely used intelligence test, containing verbal and performance subtests.
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a retested group.
Normal curve
The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
Content validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
Predictive validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
Cohort
A group of people from a given period of time.
Crystallized intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
Fluid intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
Intellectual disability
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70.
Down syndrome
A condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Heredity
The proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes.
Stereotype threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system.
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly.
Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Working memory
The conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information.
Explicit (declarative) memory
Memory of facts and experiences that can be consciously known and declared.
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
Implicit (non-declarative) memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection.
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli.
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Mnemonics
Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention.
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving information.
Shallow processing
Encoding based on the structure or appearance of words.
Deep processing
Encoding based on the meaning of words.
Hippocampus
A neural center involved in the processing of explicit memories.
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person only needs to identify items previously learned.
Relearning
Assessing the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Priming
Activation of particular associations in memory, often unconsciously.
Mood-congruent memory
Tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current mood.
Serial position effect
Tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list.
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories.
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to retrieve information from the past.
Proactive interference
Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Retroactive interference
Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
Repression
Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into memory of an event.
Source amnesia
Attributing an event to the wrong source, leading to false memories.
Deja vu
Eerie sense of experiencing something before, triggered by cues from the current situation.
Cognition
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Concept
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Prototype
Mental image or best example of a category, used for sorting items into categories.
Creativity
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Convergent thinking
Narrowing problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
Divergent thinking
Expanding possible problem solutions in different directions.
Algorithm
Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem.
Heuristic
Simple thinking strategy that allows efficient problem-solving, but may be error-prone.
Insight
Sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasting with strategy-based solutions.
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence.
Mental set
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way based on past success.
Intuition
Effortless, immediate feeling or thought, contrasted with explicit reasoning.
Representative heuristic
Judging likelihood based on how well something matches a prototype.
Availability heuristic
Estimating likelihood based on the ease of recalling instances.
Overconfidence
Tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimating accuracy of beliefs.
Belief perseverance
Clinging to initial conceptions even after discrediting evidence.
Framing
The way an issue is posed, influencing decision-making and judgments.
Language
Spoken, written, or signed words and their combination for communication.
Phoneme
Smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Morpheme
Smallest unit carrying meaning in a language, can be a word or part of a word.
Grammar
System of rules enabling communication and understanding in a language.
Babbling stage
Stage of speech development where infants utter various sounds unrelated to the household language.
One-word stage
Stage of speech development where a child speaks mostly in single words.
Two-word stage
Stage of speech development where a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage where a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs.
Aphasia
Impairment of language caused by left-hemisphere damage to Broca's or Wernicke's area.
Broca's area
Controls language expression, located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere.
Wernicke's area
Controls language reception and comprehension, located in the left temporal lobe.
Linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Note 
Flashcard (95)