Handout packet 6 (Exam 1)

Respiratory adaptations to training (Ventilation)

Ventilation is lower at any VO2

what is the ventilatory theshold

65-75% VO2 max

Cardiovascular adaptations to training (Oxygen consumption)

1. Vo2 max at rest and during sub max ex is similar post training ​

2. Endurance training Increases VO2 max​

VO2 max at rest and during sub max exercise is _________ post training

similar

___________ increases VO2 max

endurance training

what is the mechanism for increasing VO2max?​

an increase in cardiac output (remember fick equation VO2= CO x a-vO2)

Cardiac output at rest and during submax exercise is similar____________

post training

training increases Cardiac output max (COmax) which leads to an increase in

VO2 max

Cardiovascular adaptations to training (Heart rate)

1. Heart rate at rest is lower post-training

2. Heart rate max is similar (Doesn’t increase Cardiac output max)

Term for a lower heart rate at rest post training

Training Bradycardia (protects against cardiovascular disease)

Heart rate max is similar post training and does not increase ones ______-

Cardiac output max

Cardiovascular adaptations to training (Stroke volume)

1. Stroke volume at rest and during submaximal exercise is higher post-training

2. Training increases maximal stroke volume max which increases cardiac output (max)

Stroke volume at rest and during submaximal exercise is _______ post trainig

higher

Training increases ______ which increases Cardiac output max

Stroke volume max

Mechanisms for Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training​

Mechanisms​

1. Parasympathetic nervous system Activity is higher at rest post training (decreases resting heart rate​

2. Maximal sympathetic nerve activity is similar Post training (Heart rate max not altered)

3. Increase in preload due to left ventricular hypertrophy, increased Blood volume and lower Heart rate ​

4. Some evidence for increased left ventricular contractility ​​

___________________ activity is higher at rest post training

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Maximal _____________ activity is similar post training (Heart rate max not altered)

sympathetic nerve

Increased preload due to ____________________, increased blood volume and lower heart rate

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Some evidence for ______________ left ventricular contractility

Increased

Cardiac remodeling in response to exercise

1. Left ventricle dilate and walls thicken'

2. left ventricle dilation helps increase preload

Arterio-venous O2 difference​ adaptation to training

1. a-v O2 difference at rest and during submax exercise is similar post training

   1. Training increases max a-v O2 difference (increases VO2 max

________ Difference at rest and during submax exercise is similar post training

a-v O2

Training increases max a-v O2 difference which leads to an increased VO2 max (But why)

1. Endurance training Increases capillary density (Angiogenesis) ​

2. Endurance training increases mitochondrial density ​

3. Training increases activity of Oxidative enzymes ​

Arteries get bigger due to increases in blood flow from training due to remodeling mediated by ____________________

Vascular endothelial grow factor

term for arteries getting bigger

Arteriogenesis

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training (Vasodilator Capacity​)

1. Increased vasodilator capacity post training ​

2. Increased blood flow to trained muscle ​

Summary of adaptations to endurance training

1. Endurance training VO2 max​

2. Magnitude of response depends on:​

• Baseline fitness​

• Intensity, duration & mode of training​

• Genetics ​

Adaptations to endurance training (respiration) : _________ decreases during submaximal exercise

Ventilation

Adaptations to endurance training: _________ and __________ increase

Cardiac output max (stroke volume max) , a-v O2 difference max

Adaptations to endurance training (peripheral circulation)

1. arteriogenesis

2. enhanced dilation

3. angiogenesis

4. increased maximal muscle blood flow

Increase in capillary density

angiogenesis

Arteries get bigger

Arteriogenesis