CPCT FOCUSED REVIEW #1

Electrocardiograph

Machine measuring heart's electrical activity.

Electrocardiography

Process of recording heart's electrical signals.

Electrocardiogram

Printout or digital representation of EKG.

Einthoven's Triangle

Imaginary triangle for heart's electrical axis.

Standard Speed

Normal EKG paper speed of 25 mm/second.

Voltage Measurement

Each mm on Y-axis equals 0.1 mV.

Time Measurement

Each mm on X-axis equals 0.04 seconds.

Calibration Marks

Indicate standard speed and amplitude on EKG.

Standard Amplitude

Gain of 10 mm per 1 mV.

Lead Placement

Positioning electrodes for accurate EKG readings.

Unipolar Leads

Measure electrical activity in one direction.

Augmented Leads

Leads enhancing unipolar measurements.

Precordial Leads

Chest leads V1 to V6 for heart monitoring.

Standard Grid

Grid layout for EKG measurements.

Heavy-line Boxes

Indicate larger measurements on EKG paper.

Small Boxes

1 mm x 1 mm for voltage and time.

5 mm Boxes

Composed of five small boxes on EKG.

Misinterpretation Risk

Improper speed can lead to EKG errors.

Heart Rate Adjustment

Speed changes for fast or slow heart rates.

Einthoven's Discovery

First EKG tracing using primitive oscilloscopes.

Electrical Charges

Tiny signals measured on skin surface.

Documentation Requirement

Record changes in amplitude per provider's request.

Unipolar leads

Measure electrical activity in one direction only.

Augmented leads

Unipolar leads with amplified voltage for readability.

Bipolar leads

Measure potential difference between two poles.

Einthoven's triangle

Triangle formed by standard limb leads.

Standard paper speed

Normal speed for EKG is 25 mm/second.

Rapid heart rate adjustment

Speed may increase to 50 mm/second.

Electrocardiograph machine

Records heart's electrical activity via electrodes.

Electrocardiography

Process of recording heart's electrical changes.

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Graphic representation of heart's electrical activity.

Standard grid measurements

1 mm equals 0.1 mV and 0.04 seconds.

Voltage measurement

Each mm on Y-axis represents 0.1 mV.

Time measurement

Each mm on X-axis represents 0.04 seconds.

Large box measurement

5 mm box equals 0.2 seconds.

Standard amplitude (gain)

Set at 10 mm per 1 mV for EKG.

Small box measurement

1 mm tall and wide on EKG paper.

Five small boxes

Form one larger box on EKG paper.

Heavy-line boxes

Indicate 5 mm boxes on EKG paper.

1 second measurement

1 second equals 25 mm on standard speed.

1 cm measurement

1 cm equals 1 mV on EKG.

Electrode function

Detects electrical changes on skin surface.

Dysrhythmia misinterpretation

Improper speed can lead to incorrect diagnosis.

Augmented voltage leads

Includes aVr, aVl, aVf for limb leads.

EKG tracing

Visual output of heart's electrical activity.

Standard Calibration

Indicates EKG amplitude and paper speed.

Calibration Marks

Rectangular waveforms indicating EKG settings.

Amplitude Measurement

10 mm per 10 mm/mV in EKG.

Paper Speed

Standard speed is 25 mm/second.

Einthoven

Physiologist who studied heart's electrical activity.

Einthoven's Triangle

Imaginary triangle formed by limb leads.

Limb Lead Placement

Measures heart's electrical axis using uniformity.

Precordial Leads

Chest leads V1 to V6 in EKG.

Augmented Leads

Unipolar leads with amplified waveforms for readability.

Bipolar Leads

Two poles measuring potential difference in EKG.

Lead 1

Measures electrical activity between right and left arms.

Lead 2

Measures electrical activity from right arm to left foot.

Lead 3

Measures electrical activity from left arm to left foot.

Augmented Voltage

Voltage measured relative to specific limb leads.

3-Lead EKG Configuration

Used for continuous heart rhythm monitoring.

5-Lead EKG Configuration

Standard setup for Holter monitors.

Holter Monitor

Portable device for 24-hour cardiac monitoring.

White Lead

Placed on right shoulder or clavicle.

Black Lead

Placed on left shoulder or clavicle.

Red Lead

Placed on left lower abdominal area.

Green Lead

Placed on right lower abdominal area.

White lead

Placed at right sternum or clavicle area.

Black lead

Placed at left sternum or clavicle area.

Red lead

Placed at left lower thoracic area.

Green lead

Placed at right lower thoracic area.

Brown lead

Placed just below right of the sternum.

12-lead EKG

Requires 10 electrodes: 4 limb, 6 precordial.

Limb leads

Electrodes placed on arms and legs.

Precordial leads

Electrodes placed on the chest area.

V1 lead

Right side of sternum, fourth intercostal space.

V2 lead

Left side of sternum, fourth intercostal space.

V3 lead

Midway between V2 and V4 on left chest.

V4 lead

Fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line.

V5 lead

Fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line.

V6 lead

Fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line.

Dextrocardia

Heart positioned on right side of chest.

Telemetry monitoring

Continuous noninvasive heart electrical monitoring.

3-lead configuration

White on right shoulder, black on left shoulder.

5-lead configuration

Adds green on lower right abdomen, brown near sternum.

Brown lead function

Similar information to lead V1 in 12-lead.

Electrode adhesion

Skin must be clean and hair trimmed.

Patient monitoring

RNs and technicians monitor EKG for abnormalities.

EKG machine functions

Runs automatically after pressing the start button.

Patient information

Includes name, DOB, sex, medications, procedure time.

Electrode reactions

Check for rubber or latex allergies before placement.

Telemetry Department

Specialized unit for continuous heart monitoring.

3-Lead EKG

Configuration for monitoring heart rhythm continuously.

Red Lead Placement

Placed on left lower abdominal area.

White Lead Placement

Placed on right shoulder or clavicle area.

Black Lead Placement

Placed on left shoulder or clavicle area.

Green Lead Placement

Placed on right lower abdominal area.

Pediatric Electrodes

Special electrodes for young patients.

V6 Lead Placement

Positioned on midaxillary line for children.

V3R

Right-side placement for V3 in limited space.

Amputation Lead Placement

Upper chest for arm, lower abdomen for leg.