AP Psych Multiple Choice Quarter Exam 2

What is the theory that dreams are an attempt by the brain to make sense of neural static?

activation synthesis

What unusual physical action takes place while dreaming?

rapid eye movement

What type of drugs alters the brains normal operation?

psychoactive

What is the body’s 24-hour cycle?

circadian rhythm

What part of the brain controls circadian rhythm?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

What is the inability to control when one sleeps?

narcolepsy

What hormone becomes unbalanced to create Narcolepsy?

hypocretin

What is the brain’s ability to get used to drugs, requiring the need for larger amounts to achieve the same effect?

tolerance or neuroadaptation

What is consciousness?

having the potential to be aware of everything within/without yourself

During which state of consciousness does someone go into a highly focused trance?

hypnosis

What theory says that people in a trance do what they’re told because they’re trying to fulfill a role or follow the orders of an authority figure?

social influence theory

What type of brain waves do you have when awake?

alpha waves

Why does it seem like nicotine calms a person down?

it triggers the release of dopamine, creating pleasure and happiness

What are the primary reasons for sleep?

recuperation, growth, protection

What is the inability to sleep?

insomnia

What is the extreme need for sleep?

hypersomnia

What is it called when a person stops breathing during sleep?

sleep apnea

In which type of therapy has hypnosis been shown useful?

cognitive behavioral therapy

How does hypnosis help alleviate pain?

it takes your mind off of the pain

What are extremely vivid nightmares during which a person acts out parts of the dream?

night terrors

What are the most common explanations for why we dream?

you brain attempts to interpret random neural static

What type of brain waves occurs during deep Stage 4 sleep?

delta waves

Which part of the brain produces sleep hormones?

pineal gland

What are the sleep hormones?

melatonin, adenosine, hypocretin

What is the tendency of the brain to try to enter REM sleep more quickly and often after several days of dreamless sleep?

REM rebound effect

According to Hobson and McCarley, what are dreams?

an attempt to interpret automaic neural static/electrical impulses

What is the technical term for Hobson and McCarley’s theory on dreams?

Activation Synthesis

According to Hobson and McCarley, what part of the brain is the dream generator?

pontine brain stem

What is it called when you use a phrase or acronym to remember large, complex information?

mnemonic devices

What is (in order) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

physical, safety, emotional

What is the key to making an association?

repetition

What term is used for reinforcement that is based on actions a subject does?

operant conditioning

What is it called when someone has made an association?

acquisition

Why does behaviorism appeal so much to the scientifically minded?

it can be studied through scientific experimentation

What is a logic process where one draws a conclusion based on two related statements?

syllogism

What is Skinner’s “Operant Chamber” based upon?

Edward Thorndike’s puzzle box

What type of reinforcement is based upon a basic need?

classical conditiong

What association is being made in classical conditioning?

a specific stimulus is associated with a conditioned response

What association is being made in operant conditioning?

one based on the consequences or reward of conditioning

Why will partners in crime so quickly snitch on each other?

they fear the other person snitching on them

What type of motivation is created by behaviorism?

extrinsic motivation

What is the biggest difference in behavior between operant and classical conditioning?

operant uses reinforcement, classical uses repetition of a stimulus

Which behaviorist terrorized a baby by showing him a bunny while making a loud noise?

john watson

According to John Watson, what was a personality, essentially?

a collection of associations

What happens when a UCS is no longer paired with a CS?

extinction, CS/CR pairing is lost

What is anything done to stop a behavior?

punishment

According to behaviorism, what is the basis of all learning?

associations

What is the law of effect?

rewarded behaviors are likely to reoccur, punished behaviors are unlikely to reoccur

What is it called when someone learns something without being immediately rewarded?

latent learning

What type of therapy is behaviorism best suited for?

cognitive behavioral therapy

What is the when reward is increased (or punishment is decreased) as a subject approaches desired behavior?

shaping

What is the theory that the way one speaks affects how one thinks?

linguistic determinism

Which of the following is not evidence of linguistic determinism?

fill in later

What is the most basic sound that has any meaning in a language?

morpheme

According to Skinner, why do children develop speech?

fill in later

What step-by-step procedure for solving a problem?

algorithim

What is it called when a novel solution to a problem comes to a person suddenly?

insight

What are the rules that affect the meanings of words?

semantic rules

Which theory says that information is stored around large main ideas?

information processing model

In prisoner’s dilemma, why will partners in crime so quickly snitch on each other?

they fear the other person will snitch on them

What are the simple two word sentences children have?

holophrases

What is the only true language among the animal kingdom?

orca song

What is the part of the brain responsible for developing language?

motor strip, broca’s/wernicke’s area

What happens if language is not developed by age 12?

poor development, the child is behind their peers, may not develop language at all

What is it called when we approach a problem in a particular way?

framing

What are the basic sounds of a language?

phonemes

What is it called when a person seeks out information that supports preconceived notions?

confirmation bias

What is the inability to look at a problem from a new perspective?

functional fixedness

What is the way in which information or a problem is presented and organized?

framing?

What are the rules of how we structure sentences?

grammar

When does a child develop simple, one word speech?

1 year

Who was the theorist that believed language was an inborn talent for people?

chomsky

Which of Chomsky’s theories has been largely proven by the existence of Creole languages?

universal grammar

What type of argument is based on attacking the critic and not what they say?

ad hominem

Which theory says that people are motivated in an effort to meet basic physical needs?

drive reduction theory

What part of the brain controls hunger?

hypothalamus

How much information can stay in short-term memory?

7 plus or minus 2 bits of information

What is a balanced internal state?

homeostasis

What happens when a person is continuously exposed to images of a sexual nature?

desensitization, less interest in sex

During which disorder does a person not eat?

anorexia nervosa

Why is contact with other people so important to humans?

humans are social creatures and need a sense of belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

What are the four stages of the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, climax, and resolution

What is the fear of something new?

neophobia

What is it called when you group individual bits of information together to increase short-term memory capacity?

chunking

How can the genetic factor for homosexuality be passed to future generations?

through prenatal hormones and maternal antibodies

What causes eating disorders?

anxiety, need to control

What factors tend to lessen the rate of teenage sexual activity?

external stimuli, religion, parental presence, service programs

Which factor increases the rate of teenage sexual activity dramatically among girls?

an absent or bad father figure

During which disorder does someone binge-eat then throw up?

bulimia nervosa

What follows the purging in bulimia nervosa?

guilt

What theory explains why later born males have higher rates of homosexuality?

fraternal birth order effect

What type of person suffers most from eating disorders?

females or people with anxiety

Which hormones stimulate the sex drive?

estrogen and testosterone

What is it called when information is instantly, permanently stored in your memory?

flashbulb effect

Sleep Stage 1

lightest sleep, low brain waves (irregular, further apart), brain slows down, random images/sounds in your mind, hypnagogic sensations (brain incorporates sensory stimuli into the random images/sounds)

Sleep Stage 2

bigger, slower, and more erratic brain waves, sleep spindles (moments of rapid brain activity), sleep walking/talking (acting out random images/sounds)

Sleep Stage 3

transition stage from light to deep sleep, brain activity is slower and more erratic, pons activates

Sleep Stage 4

delta waves (big, far apart waves) deepest and most restful sleep

Sleep Stage 5 (REM Sleep)

dream state