Chapter 28

Popular Sovereignty

The enlightenment idea that authority rest not in the kings

John Locke

• Argued that rulers get their power from the consent of the ruled

• Individual keep individual rights and give political rights to their ruler

• Wrote "Second Treatise of Civil Government"

Adam Smith

Founder of modern day capitalism. Believed supply and demand determined the market.

Baron de Montesquieu

French philosopher Sought the science of politics and political liberty. Came up with the idea of a three branched government.

Philosophes

French philosophers who were collectively know as this name

Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

Believed that the church was an "agent of oppression" and came up with the idea of separation of church and state. Promoted Deism

Deism

The idea the high power (God) create the world but isn't present anymore. And it's the job of humans to pursue thought and to be independent.

Theory of Process

The idea that science will lead humankind to achieve grater things.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Argued for equality that doesn't depend on class

• Wrote "The Social Contract" which argued that society was the collective sovereign. Meaning that political power belongs to everybody equally.

• Believed woman should have an education

Seven Years War

-War that gave Britain massive amount of debt. Reason why British taxed the Colonist.

• Also the reason why France was in debt too. France taxed the poor.

British tax bills on the Colonist

• Sugar Act

• Stamp Act

• Quartering Act

• Tea Act

Boston Tea Party

Protest against the Tea Act. Dumped tea into Boston harbor.

Continental Congress

Formed to coordinate colonial resistance. Proposed the Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of Independence

• A list of reasons why the Colonist wanted independence.

• Official declared independence.

• Inspired by John Locke

Lexington

First battle of the American Revolution

Loyalties during the American Revolution

• Patriots: supported revolution

• Loyalist: stayed loyal to England

• Neutrals: Quakers

• Divided: Native Americans

George Washington

Leader of the Colonial Army and lead them to victory.

Treaty of Paris

1783

Constitution of the United States

The document that sets the structure of the American Government. Inspired by enlightenment thinkers.

Acien re'gime

• "Old Order"

• The political system of France before the revolution

King louis XVI

Doesn't raise money by taxing the nobility and only taxed the poor. Although calls for the Estate General to vote.

Estates General

A French assembly comprised of 3 estates that get one vote each.

• First Estate: Roman Catholic clergy; 100,000 people

• Second Estate: Nobles; 400,000 people

• Third Estate: Commoners; 24,000 people

• First and Second Estate side with each other often

National Assembly

After vote fails to tax nobles. Third Estate declares themselves this name and demands social change.

Tennis Court Oath

Oath taken by the National Assembly to not disband until a new constitution is created.

Siege of Bastille

The start of the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights if Man and the Citizens

• Fundamental document of the French Revolution

• American Influence

• Women not included

Levee en masse

• "Mass Levy"

• Conscription of war

• Enacted polices to eliminate enemies inside and outside of France

• King Louis and Queen Marie Antionette executed

Maximilien Robespierre

Know as the "incorruptible" and leader of the Committee of Public Safety. Desired to restructure France.

Reign of Terror

During Robespierre' reign

• executed 40,00 people and imprisoned 300

• Closed the Churches

• Promoted "Cult of Reason"

• Reorganized the week to ten days, proclaimed year one

Cult of Reason

A secular alternative to Christianity

The Directory

After Robespierre' arrest and execution. This was the government made. Unable to solve Frances problems

Napoleon Bonaparte

Staged a coup d'état against the Directory and proclaimed himself as Emperor of France.

The Consulate

The government that Napoleon put in place in France

Concordat

Peace agreement between Napoleon and the Pope. After France closed the churches.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that put on place a merit based system. Became a model for many other civil codes.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Britain and continental Europe

How did Napoleon deal with all the wars France was still apart of?

He tried to conquer all the countries he was at war with.

Waterloo

Where Napoleon was defeated and sent to exile in St. Helena

Gen de couleur

• Free people of color in Haiti

• 500 fought in the American Revolution

Boukman

Voodoo Priest who stated the slave revolt in Haiti

Toussaint Louventuree

• Built an army in Haiti against the French

• His name means "the opening"

• Arrested by the French and died in jail but thanks to him Haiti will soon declare independence.

Miguel Hidalgo

• Led Mexican Rebellion

• Invoked the name of the virgin of Guadalupe as a symbol of heritage

• Called for the death of Spainards

• Captured and executed but rebellion continued

Augustin de Iturbide

Declared Mexican independence but ruled as an emperor. He was later kicked out and Mexico established a republic.

Simon Bolivar

Led rebellion in South America. Was influenced by enlightenment thinkers and George Washington

Gran Columbia

Bolivar's plan to unite Ecuador

Emperor Pedro I

Napoleons war sent Portuguese royals to Brazil. Pedro didn't want to go back and stayed in Brazil and made himself emperor.

Caudillos

These new countries in South America gave military authority to "local bullies"

Edmund Burke

Father of Modern Conservatism. Favored slow evolution of society.

John Stuart Mill

Though conservatism was halting human process. Offered the idea of liberalism.

William Wilberforce

British philanthropist who succeeded in ending slave trade in Britain.

Mary Astell

Said that women were essentially born into slavery in society at this time. Called for reforms

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Nationalism

Pride for ones nation

• Culture: folklore, music

• Political: Promoted solidarity

Johann Gottfried von Herder

Example of cultural nationalism. Praised German culture and say it as a way that made Germans unique.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Example of political nationalism. Wanted Italy to be independent from Austrian and Spanish rule. Wanted to create a "Young Italy"

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl

Launched the Zionist Movement.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Feared that nationalism would spark more revolutions.

Count Camillo di Cavour

Sought Italian independence from Austria and ended up unifying Italy.

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian prime minister

Realpolitik

Realistic politics based on the needs of the state. Promoted by Bismarck.