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success
David Gwynn: 'The Republic was the victim of its own ____.'
Empire
The Republican 'system was never intended to govern an___'
balance
The Republican system maintained 'a careful ___ between collective and individual rule.'[Gwynn]
slaves
The Roman agrarian economy was 'transformed by the flood of wealth and ____ that came with military victories.'
equites
Group who emerged as a new class in 2nd century Rome:___ or knights
129
From [133, 129, 128, 104] equestrians could become senators only via magistracies
240
Average annual income of a peasant: 20000, 12400, 1200 or 240 sesterces?
400
Average wealth of a member of the equestrian order: ___,000 sesterces
1,000
Minimum wealth requirement of a senator: __,000 sesterces
agriculture
Chief basis of wealth in late republican Rome: agriculture, slaves, trade, or army career?
latifundia
'Wider fields' created in period of conquest
assidui
Those eligible for Roman military service were called the a______
133
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was elected tribune in___
Cornelia
Mother of the Gracchi and daughter of Scipio Africanus: _____
Italy
A turning point in Tiberius Gracchus' life was passing through ___ to Spain
redistribute
Tiberius Gracchus' solution to social problems was to ____ land
public
Tiberius Gracchus intended to redistribute ___ land in lots of 20 acres
Gracchi
Tiberius and Gaius: the _____
tombs
Much of the land that Tiberius Gracchus proposed to redistribute been in families for generations, and even the site of family ___
senate
To pass his agrarian law, Tiberius Gracchus sought to bypass the ____
Octavius
Tribune who sought to block T. Gracchus' reforms: Marcus ______
Sempronia
T. Gracchus' agrarian law: The lex ____ agraria
Pergamum
T. Gracchus sought to use the treasury of the late Attalus III of __ to fund his program
re-election
T. Gracchus' attempt to achieve ___ as tribune contributed to his death
123
Year Gaius Gracchus was elected as tribune
Juvenal
Satirist who coined the phrase 'Bread and circuses'
ultimum
To overthrow Gaius Gracchus, the senate used the unprecedented 'senatus consultum ______'
Gracchi
121 saw the death of the last of the ____
Senate
The power of which institution was undermined by the Gracchi?
Jugurthine
Between 112 and 105 Rome fought the ____ War
corrupt
Jugurtha was notoriously: brave, corrupt, insane, loyal
107
First year Gaius Marius was elected consul
Julian
Marius' wife was a member of the ____ clan
new
Marius was a novus homo, or '____ man'
Sulla
General who got the credit for capturing Jugurtha
80,000
At the battle of Arausio or Orange in 105, the Romans reportedly lost ___ men
five
How many successive consulships did Marius have?
Cimbri
Marius defeated two German tribes, the ___ and Teutones
stakes
Marius' successive consulships raised the ___ in Roman noble competition
landless
Marius was the first to allow the 'capite sensi' or (foreigners, slaves, landless, criminals) into the army
mules
Animals to which Marius' overburdened men were likened
25
Marius' men carried a (12, 25, 30, 40) kg pack plus weapons
bend
Marius is credited with the invention of the pilum that would ___ on impact
cohort
Under Marius, the maniple was replaced as the key Roman military unit by the ____
600
The cohort comprised ___ men
Farm
Marius promised each of his men a ___ at the end of their service
professional
Under Marius, Rome had its first fully ____ army
66
By 100 BC, Rome's Italian allies comprised (33, 50, 66, 75) per cent of the Roman army
tribune
The Social War was prompted by the murder of the ___, Marcus Livius Drusus
Social
The war between the Romans and their Italian allies is known as the ____ War
91
The Social War ran from (95, 91, 90) to 88 BC.
citizenship
The Romans survived the Social War by offering ___ to its former allies
consul
At the end of the Social War, Sulla was elected ___
Mithridates
Sulla was initially selected to lead the campaign against King ____ of Pontus
Sulpicius
Tribune ____ Rufus tried to transfer command for the war in Pontus from Sulla to Marius
March
88 saw Sulla's ____ on Rome
external
Gwynn: 'no ___ danger played a decisive part' in the fall of the Republic
ambition
Gwynn: 'The fall of the Republic is...a very human story of ____ and self-sacrifice, genius and folly.'
83
After leaving for the First Mithridatic War in 88, Sulla did not return to Rome until (86, 85, 83, 82).
seventh
When Marius died in 86 he was in his ___ consulship
Samnites
Last Italians standing after the Social War
Colline
Sulla, Crassus and Pompey defeated their enemies at the ____ Gate in 82
Dictator
What title did Sulla take in 82 or early 81?
Proscriptions
Sulla's lists of those who could be eliminated without trial
80
Number of senators killed in Sulla's proscription (all, 100, 80, 50)
confiscated
Sulla gave (state, confiscated, conquered) land to his supporters in 81
Crassus
Two leaders who made money out of the proscriptions: Pompey and ____
hated
Sulla's dictatorship and proscriptions made him 'one of the most ____ men in Roman history'.
Republic
Paradoxically, Sulla believed in the ____
minimum
Sulla enforced ___ ages for magistracies
quaestors
Sulla increased the number of ____ and praetors to make government more efficient
tribunes
Sulla reduced the power of ____ to affect matters of state
retired
In 79 Sulla surprised Rome when he ____
enigma
Sulla's ruthless quest for gloria and his dedication to the Republic make him an ____
epitaph
Sulla's _____ : 'no better friend, no worse enemy'
Pompey
General who destroyed Sulla's reforms
butcher
Pompey's early nickname: 'adulescentulus carnifex': the teenage _____
Magnus
Pompey's nickname for himself, meaning 'the Great'
rising
Pompey to Sulla: 'More men worship the ___ than the setting sun'
Spain
In which part of the empire did Pompey defeat Quintus Sertorius?
Spartacus
Pompey returned to Rome in 71, at the tail-end of the revolt of ____
73
Spartacus' slave revolt began in (83, 78, 73, 71)
Vesuvius
Initial base of Spartacus: Mount _____
Crassus
Main leader in the defeat of Spartacus
Appian
6000 of Spartacus' supporters were crucified along the ___ Way between Capua and Rome
Both
Which was a consul in 70 BC? Crassus, Pompey or both?
Pirates
Julius Caesar's capture in 75 illustrated the threat of ___ in the Mediterranean
months
Pompey took less than five ___ to defeat the pirates from 67
Cilicia
The pirates' strongholds, captured by Pompey, were in ____ in southern Asia Minor
decades
It took just over two ___ for Rome to defeat Mithridates
client
After defeating Mithridates, Pompey organised the conquered eastern areas into provinces and ___ kingdoms
buffer
Judaea and Armenia provided ____ states for Rome against Parthia
Parthia
Rome's chief rival in the first century BC
doubled
Tax from Pompey's conquests in the east more than ____ Rome's state revenues
Pompey
Richest man in Rome's history to 50 BC
62
In (66, 62, 59, 58) Pompey celebrated the biggest triumph yet seen in Rome
Cato
Leading conservative senator, Marcus Porcius ____ the Younger
100
Year of Julius Caesar's birth
Gaius
Caesar's praenomen
59
Year Caesar became consul: (61, 60, 59, 57)