Fall of the Roman Republic

success

David Gwynn: 'The Republic was the victim of its own \____.'

Empire

The Republican 'system was never intended to govern an\___'

balance

The Republican system maintained 'a careful \___ between collective and individual rule.'[Gwynn]

slaves

The Roman agrarian economy was 'transformed by the flood of wealth and \____ that came with military victories.'

equites

Group who emerged as a new class in 2nd century Rome:\___ or knights

129

From [133, 129, 128, 104] equestrians could become senators only via magistracies

240

Average annual income of a peasant: 20000, 12400, 1200 or 240 sesterces?

400

Average wealth of a member of the equestrian order: \___,000 sesterces

1,000

Minimum wealth requirement of a senator: __,000 sesterces

agriculture

Chief basis of wealth in late republican Rome: agriculture, slaves, trade, or army career?

latifundia

'Wider fields' created in period of conquest

assidui

Those eligible for Roman military service were called the a\______

133

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was elected tribune in\___

Cornelia

Mother of the Gracchi and daughter of Scipio Africanus: \_____

Italy

A turning point in Tiberius Gracchus' life was passing through \___ to Spain

redistribute

Tiberius Gracchus' solution to social problems was to \____ land

public

Tiberius Gracchus intended to redistribute \___ land in lots of 20 acres

Gracchi

Tiberius and Gaius: the \_____

tombs

Much of the land that Tiberius Gracchus proposed to redistribute been in families for generations, and even the site of family \___

senate

To pass his agrarian law, Tiberius Gracchus sought to bypass the \____

Octavius

Tribune who sought to block T. Gracchus' reforms: Marcus \______

Sempronia

T. Gracchus' agrarian law: The lex \____ agraria

Pergamum

T. Gracchus sought to use the treasury of the late Attalus III of \__ to fund his program

re-election

T. Gracchus' attempt to achieve \___ as tribune contributed to his death

123

Year Gaius Gracchus was elected as tribune

Juvenal

Satirist who coined the phrase 'Bread and circuses'

ultimum

To overthrow Gaius Gracchus, the senate used the unprecedented 'senatus consultum \______'

Gracchi

121 saw the death of the last of the \____

Senate

The power of which institution was undermined by the Gracchi?

Jugurthine

Between 112 and 105 Rome fought the \____ War

corrupt

Jugurtha was notoriously: brave, corrupt, insane, loyal

107

First year Gaius Marius was elected consul

Julian

Marius' wife was a member of the \____ clan

new

Marius was a novus homo, or '\____ man'

Sulla

General who got the credit for capturing Jugurtha

80,000

At the battle of Arausio or Orange in 105, the Romans reportedly lost \___ men

five

How many successive consulships did Marius have?

Cimbri

Marius defeated two German tribes, the \___ and Teutones

stakes

Marius' successive consulships raised the \___ in Roman noble competition

landless

Marius was the first to allow the 'capite sensi' or (foreigners, slaves, landless, criminals) into the army

mules

Animals to which Marius' overburdened men were likened

25

Marius' men carried a (12, 25, 30, 40) kg pack plus weapons

bend

Marius is credited with the invention of the pilum that would \___ on impact

cohort

Under Marius, the maniple was replaced as the key Roman military unit by the \____

600

The cohort comprised \___ men

Farm

Marius promised each of his men a \___ at the end of their service

professional

Under Marius, Rome had its first fully \____ army

66

By 100 BC, Rome's Italian allies comprised (33, 50, 66, 75) per cent of the Roman army

tribune

The Social War was prompted by the murder of the \___, Marcus Livius Drusus

Social

The war between the Romans and their Italian allies is known as the \____ War

91

The Social War ran from (95, 91, 90) to 88 BC.

citizenship

The Romans survived the Social War by offering \___ to its former allies

consul

At the end of the Social War, Sulla was elected \___

Mithridates

Sulla was initially selected to lead the campaign against King \____ of Pontus

Sulpicius

Tribune \____ Rufus tried to transfer command for the war in Pontus from Sulla to Marius

March

88 saw Sulla's \____ on Rome

external

Gwynn: 'no \___ danger played a decisive part' in the fall of the Republic

ambition

Gwynn: 'The fall of the Republic is...a very human story of \____ and self-sacrifice, genius and folly.'

83

After leaving for the First Mithridatic War in 88, Sulla did not return to Rome until (86, 85, 83, 82).

seventh

When Marius died in 86 he was in his \___ consulship

Samnites

Last Italians standing after the Social War

Colline

Sulla, Crassus and Pompey defeated their enemies at the \____ Gate in 82

Dictator

What title did Sulla take in 82 or early 81?

Proscriptions

Sulla's lists of those who could be eliminated without trial

80

Number of senators killed in Sulla's proscription (all, 100, 80, 50)

confiscated

Sulla gave (state, confiscated, conquered) land to his supporters in 81

Crassus

Two leaders who made money out of the proscriptions: Pompey and \____

hated

Sulla's dictatorship and proscriptions made him 'one of the most \____ men in Roman history'.

Republic

Paradoxically, Sulla believed in the \____

minimum

Sulla enforced \___ ages for magistracies

quaestors

Sulla increased the number of \____ and praetors to make government more efficient

tribunes

Sulla reduced the power of \____ to affect matters of state

retired

In 79 Sulla surprised Rome when he \____

enigma

Sulla's ruthless quest for gloria and his dedication to the Republic make him an \____

epitaph

Sulla's \_____ : 'no better friend, no worse enemy'

Pompey

General who destroyed Sulla's reforms

butcher

Pompey's early nickname: 'adulescentulus carnifex': the teenage \_____

Magnus

Pompey's nickname for himself, meaning 'the Great'

rising

Pompey to Sulla: 'More men worship the \___ than the setting sun'

Spain

In which part of the empire did Pompey defeat Quintus Sertorius?

Spartacus

Pompey returned to Rome in 71, at the tail-end of the revolt of \____

73

Spartacus' slave revolt began in (83, 78, 73, 71)

Vesuvius

Initial base of Spartacus: Mount \_____

Crassus

Main leader in the defeat of Spartacus

Appian

6000 of Spartacus' supporters were crucified along the \___ Way between Capua and Rome

Both

Which was a consul in 70 BC? Crassus, Pompey or both?

Pirates

Julius Caesar's capture in 75 illustrated the threat of \___ in the Mediterranean

months

Pompey took less than five \___ to defeat the pirates from 67

Cilicia

The pirates' strongholds, captured by Pompey, were in \____ in southern Asia Minor

decades

It took just over two \___ for Rome to defeat Mithridates

client

After defeating Mithridates, Pompey organised the conquered eastern areas into provinces and \___ kingdoms

buffer

Judaea and Armenia provided \____ states for Rome against Parthia

Parthia

Rome's chief rival in the first century BC

doubled

Tax from Pompey's conquests in the east more than \____ Rome's state revenues

Pompey

Richest man in Rome's history to 50 BC

62

In (66, 62, 59, 58) Pompey celebrated the biggest triumph yet seen in Rome

Cato

Leading conservative senator, Marcus Porcius \____ the Younger

100

Year of Julius Caesar's birth

Gaius

Caesar's praenomen

59

Year Caesar became consul: (61, 60, 59, 57)