7. REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGY FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM II

What is it called when the ovary has the capability of inflammatory &

immune responses?

Oophoritis

What are THREE things that can cause hyperplasia of surface epithelium?

Irritation, injury, and inflammation

What are FOUR things that can cause the uterine tube to have the capacity of imflammatory and immune response?

◼ Salpingitis

◼ Hydrosalpinx

◼ Pyosalpinx

◼ Scarring

if youre like super genius and knew what those words are the last slide meant, that's cool. But if youre like me heres what they mean:

Salpingitis = inflammation of the uterine tube

Hydrosalpinx = fluid builds up inside the uterine tube

Pyosalpinx = pus builds up inside the uterine tube → usually due to infection

Scarring = damage that causes the tube to become narrowed or blocked

yay love amazing

When do the majority of infections in the cervix occur?

when the cervix os open. (Estrus, parturition, or postpartum period)

What is it called when there is inflammation of endometrium alone?

Endometritis

You have a dog that comes in with suspected Endometritis. What would you expect to see on histo/pathology of this patient? (3)

- neutrophils and macrophages migrate through endometrium into lumen, stromal edema

- lymphocytes and plasma cells in stroma

- squamous metaplasia

What is it called when all of the layers of the uterine wall are inflamed and it is a severe progression?

Metritis

What disease is often a sequela to endometritis or metritis and causes an accumulation of neutrophils and necrotic debris in the uterus?

Pyometra

What TWO species is a pyometra most commonly seen in?

cow and bitch

What is the signalment if a dog with a pyometra?

- older, non-bred animals

A pyo is classified as a disease of what stage during the animals cycle?

metestrus period ( this is bold on slide idk man)

What are most pyos cases associated with?

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Pyometras are commonly associated with with UTIs. What is the bacteria that is most commonly associated with BOTH of these diseases?

E coli

What response to injury can be localized or generalize and causes an increase in size and area of endometrial glands with stromal edema?

Endometrial Hyperplasia

What are the TWO different types of Endometrial Hyperplasia? Describe them.

- Mild → Columnar, hypertrophic epithelium

- Cystic → Compression atrophy of epithelium

What are THREE diseases in cattle that can cause endometrial hyperplasia?

- Cystic Graafian follicles

- Ovarian neoplasia (esp granulosa cell tumors)

- Phytoestrogens

What causes endometrial hyperplasia in EWES?

Phytoestrogens- Subterranean and red clover

What causes endometrial hyperplasia in SOWS?

Zearalenone (Estrogenic mycotoxin from corn)

When are bitches most likely to get a CHE?

diestrus

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia is a common response to injury in bitches and causes pyometrias. Give me the step by step process of how CEH leads to pyometria?

1. Estrogen priming of the uterus

2. Progesterone follows during diestrus

3. Endometrium becomes thickened and develops cysts = Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH)

4. Bacteria enter the uterus

5. Pyometra = pus-filled/infected uterus

So why does CEH lead to a pyo? (paragraph form)

During diestrus, progesterone causes the uterine glands to become more active and produce secretions. With repeated hormonal exposure, the glands can become cystic and enlarged.

Those secretions + changes in the uterus make it easier for bacteria to grow.

What is inflammation of the mammary gland?

mastitis

If you were to look at mastitis on histo/path, what would you expect to see?

1. Inflammation (Neutrophils and macrophages, Plasma cells, Edema, Necrosis, granulation tissue, scarring)

2. Glandular and ductal hyperplasia (Squamous metaplasia )

When does mastitis commonly occur in bitches and queens?

early in lactation or pseudopregnancy

In small animal mastitis, what most commonly causes this issue?

bacteria that spreads from papillae and adjacent skin into the lactiferous ducts and glands

What are the THREE major isolates that cause small animal mastitis?

◼ Staphylococci spp.

◼ Streptococci spp.

◼ Escherichia coli

When does early embryonic mortality / embryonic loss occur in large animals?

Less than 35-45 days postconception in large animals

When does embryonic loss occur in small animals?

20 days postconception in small animals

What is it called when the fetus is not independently viable?

Fetal loss / abortion

What is it called when the fetus is is potentially viable?

Stillbirth

Embryonic/Fetal Outcomes can be influenced by a number of things. What are some of these?

- Embryonic death and return to estrus at normal interval

- Embryonic death and delayed return to normal estrus

- Fetal loss (abortion) with no autolysis

- Fetal loss (abortion) with autolysis

- Mummification of the fetus(es)

- Maceration of the fetus(es)

- Stillbirth

there is a chart on slide 19 idk if we need to know it but go and look at it if you wanna

okay cool

Failure of pregnancy can be due to fetal autolysis. What is the process starting with fetal stress at the induction of parturition?

Fetal stress → fetal corticosteroid production → ↑ placental estrogens → ↑ myometrial oxytocin receptors and endometrial release of PGF2α → myometrial contractions and luteolysis → ↑ relaxin and ↓ progesterone → ↑ collagenase activity → placental separation

How do you determine if a fetus has undergone autolysis?

- Nature of death

- Species

T/F Stressed fetus is aborted with no autolysis due to rapid expulsion

True

T/F Rapidly killed fetuses are retained and undergo expulsion

False, they undergo autolysis

What TWO species are more likely to have fetuses undergo autolysis due to retained fetuses until normal pregnancy?

bitch and queen

What process occurs when there is a retained fetus that becomes dehydrated and due to the closed cervix and no bacteria that is able to cause lysis?

Mummification

What is the process that occurs when a fetus becomes liquefied due to an open cervix and thus a bacterial infection?

Maceration

What is responsible for the majority of failures of pregnancy?

noninfectious causes

What are some examples of non infectious causes that lead to failure of pregnancy ?

- Anomalies

- Dietary / Nutritional

- Toxic

- Fetal stress

- Unknown

What are some of the routes of infectious causes that lead to failure of pregnancy?

- Ascending

- Hematogenous

What are some of the non infectious causes that lead to failure of pregnancy in the mare? (5)

- Nutritional

- Placental insufficiency (Body pregnancy and Twinning)

- Umbilical abnormalities (Length or torsion)

- Endometrial fibrosis

- Eastern Tent Caterpillars

me if you cared <3

If a EWE eats what plant during early pregnancy (12-14 days) will it lead to cyclopia (“one eye”) in the fetus and abnormal development of the brain and face?

Veratrum californicum

What happens if Veratrum californicum is ingested later in gestation?

Later exposure can cause limb deformities and other congenital abnormalities

Why does Veratrum californicum do this in ewes? (FYI, i suppose)

The plant contains steroidal alkaloids, especially cyclopamine, which disrupts the Hedgehog signaling pathway that is important for normal embryonic development

T/F In the bitch, it is usually maternal illness rather than placenta or fetal lesions that causes a failure of the pregnancy

True

What incidental placental structure is an aggregate of sediments of

allantoic fluid that turns into an amorphous, rubbery mass?

Hippomane

What is a star-shaped pattern of folds/ridges on the vaginal side of the cervix typically seen in horses?

cervical scar

What in an incidental placental structure that is seen on the squamous epithelium on internal surface of amnion?

Amniotic plaques

What occurs in cattle when there is intercotyledonary placentation due

to compensation for inadequate development of placentomes?

Adventitial placentation

What are TWO sequelae to Adventitial placentation?

◼ Hydallantois

◼ Fetal death

T/F Veterinary diagnostic laboratories identify a cause of pregnancy loss in less than 50% of individual cases

True

What are some optional testing that you can do to figure out the cause of the pregnancy loss?

Gross and microscopic pathology, bacteriology, virology, serology,

molecular diagnostics (PCR)

If there is any placenta from a failed pregnancy, what should you do with it?

SEND IN THE PLACENTA!

What species is that Dysgerminoma (ovarian neoplasia) most common in?

bitch

How does Dysgerminoma behave? If it metastasizes, where does this normally occur?

local lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity

What is the equivalent of Dysgerminoma in males?

seminoma

describe the gross appearance of Dysgerminoma

- spherical or ovoid

- white, solid, friable, lobulated

- areas of hemorrhage and necrosis

How does Dysgerminoma look histologically?

- sheets of large round cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic necrosis

- many mitoses

What species is teratoma most commonly seen in?

bitch

How does teratoma behave?

usually benign and well demarcated

T/F Teratoma can be malignant and met but is usually poorly differentiated

True

What is the equivalent of a teratoma in males?

teratoma (trick question )

How does a teratoma present grossly?

- spherical or ovoid

- replaces most of the ovary

What elements of the embryonic germ layers are disorganized due to a teratoma?

at least 2/3

What elements are disorganized in the following germ layers?

Ectoderm, neuroectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

-Ectoderm: hair and teeth

-neuroectoderm: nervous system

-mesoderm: fat, bine, muscle

- endoderm: salivary glands, respiratory epithelium

What is the most common ovarian neoplasm in large animals?

Granulosa(-theca) Cell Tumor

How would you describe the behavior of the Granulosa(-theca) Cell Tumor?

hormonally active

What hormones are usually seen when a Granulosa(-theca) Cell Tumor is hormonally active?

AMH, estrogens, androgens, inhibin

In what species is the Granulosa(-theca) Cell Tumor often malignant?

queen (sometimes in the bitch)

What is the Equivalence in Males to a Granulosa(-theca) Cell Tumor?

sertoli cell tumor

What is the gross appearance of a Granulosa(-theca) Cell Tumor?

- Usually unilateral

- Spherical or ovoid: Up to 30-cm-diameter in mare

- Solid, cystic, polycystic with red-brown fluid

What hormones do the granulosa cells produce?

Produce estrogen, inhibin, AMH, follicular fluid

What hormone does teh thecca interna produce?

androgens

What does the theca externa do?

provides fibrous support

What hormone does nearly all Granulosa Cell Tumor secrete?

AMH

How does inhibin release from a granulosa cell tumor produce clinically?

Persistent anestrus

(FYI

- No behavioral signs of heat — no standing to be mounted, receptivity, etc.

- No normal estrous cycles — she stays in a non-cycling state.

- On reproductive exam, the ovaries may be inactive with little/no follicular development.

- The uterus may be small and inactive depending on the cause.)

How does estrogen release from a granulosa cell tumor produce clinically?

intermittent or continued estrus

How does androgen release from a granulosa cell tumor produce clinically?

masculinization

T/F AMH has the highest sensitivity in diagnosis so that is why it is used on teh equine GCT blood serum panel

True

What species is the ovarian adenoma/ carcinoma common in?

bitch (no surprise here)

In the bitch, where will you most commonly find the adenoma/carcinoma

subsurface epithelial

How do adenoma's behave?

benign

how do carcinomas behave?

malignant

Where do ovarian carcinomas metastasize to?

lymph nodes

What is the male equivalent to adeoma/carcinoma?

testicular mesothelioma

How does an adenoma/carcinoma present grossly?

ovary is large, multinodular, an dcan be cystic or have a shaggy appearance

How do adenoma/carcinoma present hostologically?

epithelial type cells that have a combination of papillary and cystic regions

Where will you commonly see lymphoma in the cows? What viral disease cause lymphoma in cattle?

- HULAS + R (heart, uterus, lungs, abomasum, spine, retrobulbar)

- bovine leukemia virus

Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma are commonly seen in the bitch and pot-bellied pig. What causes this?

estrogen

What species is it common to see Endometrial Carcinomas in?

cow

What type of neoplasia is commonly seen on the vagina/vulva in the cow, ewe, and mare?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What animal gets melanoma on the vulva?

grey horses

What are the TWO vaginal/ vulvar neoplasia that are seen in the neoplasia?

- Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma

- Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT)

What happens when there is an endometrium within the myometrium?

Uterine Adenomyosis

What is the signalment seen in dogs that get Uterine Serosal Inclusion Cysts?

Older canines

What are Uterine Serosal Inclusion Cysts?

non neoplastic proliferations that are often incidental and are trapped perimetrial mesothelium