AP PSYCH- LEARNING

Learning

long lasting change due to experience

Mere exposure effect

the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus enhances one's preference for that stimulus.

Eros

love of beauty

Mania

madness, obsessive, posesstive

Ludas

playful love

Storge

affection (friendship)

Agape

brotherly love

Pragma

practical love that is based on mutual benefits and compatibility.

Robert Sternberg’s Triangular theory of love

Classical conditioning

Ivan pavlov, classical conditioning is a type if unconscious learning achieved by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Neutral stimulus(NS)

object/occurrence that does not give any response (pen)

Unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS)

any stimulus that triggers a psychological response, ex blood pressure, eyes dilate, food,

Unconditioned response (UR)

the automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is presented.

Conditioned response(CR)

reaction based on experience in the past

Primary reinforcer

not learned, food

Secondary reinforcer

a learned reinforcer, often associated with primary reinforcers, such as money. ex ivy league

Genralized reinforcer

technically secondary but can “generalized” ex money

Aquisition

process of making a neutral stimulus have meaning, taking a NS and turning it into a CS NS +UCS/UCR=CS/CR, ex waveng pen and Taylor swift walking in, the pen turns from a NS to CS

Simultaneous conditioning

NS and UCS at the same time

Backward conditioning

UCS then NS

Trace conditioning

NS, break then UCS

Second/higher order conditioing

take the cs(pen) and pair it with another NS(mouse) making that other NS into a CS

Genralization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response being elicited by similar stimuli.

Discrimination

ability to diffienctuare between similar stimuli

Extinctioned

the disappearce of a Cr(pen), happens when the UCS s not presented and the CR(desired behavorir) stops, the pen has lost its power

Spontaneous recovery

reappearance of the conditioned response after reintroduction of the unconditioned stimulus

chaining

group multiple behaviors together

token economy

a behavioral modification system that uses tokens as reinforcers for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for rewards.

Schedules of reinforcement

are rules that determine how and when specific responses will be reinforced in operant conditioning.

Fixed Interval

set amount of action, ex paid every 2 weeks

Fixed Ratio

a set amount of actions happens after a specific amount of response no matter how much time is involved. ex Dunkin donuts card

Variable Interval

variable, not a specific amount, ex fishing

Variable ratio

slot machine, unpredictable

Behaviorism

Watson- what your do, what your actions are

Throndike

Law of effect, if consequences of a behavior are rewarded, connection will get strengthened

Operant conditioning(Thorndike/skinner)

A learning process where behaviors are modified by their consequences, including rewards and punishments.

Two major consequences

reward/reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior

reinforcement/reward

any action that increases the changes of a behavior happening again

Positive reinforcement

does not mean good, means adding something pleasurable hoping the behavoir will continue

Negative reinforcement

does not mean bad, taking away something you do not like

Punishment

any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Postive punishment

adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a response(ex wash out mouth with soap)

Negative Punishment

take awake something pleasurable

Aversive

pair something you don’t like with undesirable behavior

Laten(hidden learning) Tolman

knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it

Insight learning(Kohler)

the sudden realization of a solution to a problem, often occurring after a period of contemplation. ex chimpanzees, aha

Learned taste/Garcia effect

the phenomenon where animals develop a strong aversion to a food after it has been paired with illness or discomfort.

Modeling/observational learning(bandura)

learning by imitation/observing others

Law of effect

a heavour that is reward is more likely to happen again, behavior with a consequence is less likely

Cognitive map

mental layout pf an organisms envoirment

mirror nuerons

neurons that can fire after we commit or watch a behavior, brain will mirror another action

prosocial behavour

postive/helpful behavoir

antisocial behavior

behaviour that has negative effects and can cause harm