Lung I - Richard Galbraith, MD

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to lung pathology and diseases.

Congenital Lung Abnormalities

Common structural defects in the lungs that can affect respiratory function.

Atelectasis

Collapse or incomplete expansion of an area of lung resulting in airless pulmonary parenchyma.

Pulmonary Edema

Accumulation of fluid in the lung's air sacs, often due to heart problems or injury.

ALI/ARDS

Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome involving severe hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary edema.

Pulmonary Embolism

Blocks blood flow in the pulmonary artery, often originating from deep veins.

Pulmonary Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, affecting cardiac function.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Lung infection occurring in individuals not hospitalized or residing in long-term care facilities.

Antigenic Drift

Minor changes in the influenza virus that happen over time, affecting vaccine effectiveness.

Chronic Bronchitis

Long-term inflammation of the bronchi, often associated with smoking.

Asthma

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterized by reversible obstruction.

Granulomatous Lung Diseases

Lung conditions characterized by the formation of granulomas, including sarcoidosis.

Histoplasmosis

Fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, associated with bird and bat droppings.

Tuberculosis

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually impacting the lungs.

Lung Abscess

Local suppurative process leading to necrosis of lung tissue, often following pneumonia.

Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Initial infection of the lungs leading to the formation of a Gohn complex.

Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage Syndromes

Conditions characterized by bleeding into the lung parenchyma, such as Goodpasture syndrome.

Obstructive Lung Disease

Conditions that involve obstruction of airflow in the respiratory pathways, such as emphysema.

Atelectasis

Collapse or incomplete expansion of an area of the pulmonary parenchyma which can be caused by factors such as airway obstruction, fluid accumulation, or pulmonary fibrosis. It presents in three principal types: Resorption, Compression, and Contraction Atelectasis.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs classified into hemodynamic pulmonary edema (caused by increased hydrostatic pressure) and pulmonary edema from microvascular injury (caused by damage to the alveolar vascular endothelium). This condition leads to symptoms like decreased oxygenation and is associated with various underlying pathologies.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI)

Characterized by inflammation-induced vascular permeability in the lungs, leading to rapid onset hypoxemia. Major causes include infections and physical injuries, and it progresses to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) when severe. Morphological changes include heavy, firm, and wet lungs with significant edema.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

A significant health issue responsible for high morbidity and mortality, mostly originating from deep vein thrombosis. Symptoms depend on the size and location of the embolism, and complications include right-sided heart failure and lung infarction.

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

Defined by elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (>20 mmHg) with causes ranging from left heart disease to chronic lung disease. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, fatigue, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Goodpasture Syndrome

An autoimmune disease characterized by anti-basement membrane antibodies leading to necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonitis and progressive renal failure, presenting with hemoptysis and renal complications.

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

A vasculitis condition causing necrotizing inflammation of blood vessels, particularly in the lungs and upper respiratory tract, associated with PR3-ANCAs. It leads to cough, hemoptysis, and chronic sinusitis.

Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Primarily caused by pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, this disease can follow a viral respiratory infection and leads to consolidation in the lungs due to bacterial invasion.

Chronic Pneumonia

Long-lasting pneumonia from fungal infections such as Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, and Coccidioidomycosis, characterized by persistent lung granulomas and various clinical presentations.

Aspiration Pneumonia

Occurs due to the inhalation of foreign material (like gastric contents), leading to lung infection. Common in those with swallowing difficulties or impaired consciousness.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred, leading to progressive decline in lung function.

Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, characterized by thick mucus production which can obstruct airways and lead to infections.

Interstitial Lung Disease

A group of lung diseases affecting the interstitium, causing inflammation and scarring of lung tissue, leading to impaired gas exchange.

Pneumoconiosis

A category of lung diseases caused by the inhalation of inorganic dust particles, such as silica or coal dust, leading to lung damage.

Lung Cancer

A type of cancer that originates in the lungs, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, often associated with smoking and environmental factors.

Bronchiectasis

A condition where the airways become damaged and widened, resulting in chronic cough and mucous production, often due to infection or obstruction.

Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

An inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas in the lungs, potentially leading to respiratory symptoms and complications.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A virus that causes respiratory infections, particularly in infants and young children, leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

Viral Pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by viruses such as influenza or coronaviruses, often leading to less severe symptoms compared to bacterial pneumonia.

Asbestosis

A chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers, leading to scarring and increasing the risk of lung cancer.

Pneumonia

An inflammatory condition of the lung, characterized by the accumulation of fluid or pus in the alveoli, which can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A progressive lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.

Tuberculosis (TB)

An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, often leading to decreased oxygen levels in the body.

Pulmonary Hypertension

High blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries that can cause shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain, leading to complications such as heart failure.

Acute Respiratory Failure

A condition where the respiratory system fails in oxygenating blood or eliminating carbon dioxide, requiring immediate medical intervention.

Pneumothorax

The presence of air in the pleural space, resulting in lung collapse and altered breathing patterns requiring urgent treatment.

Histoplasmosis

A fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, often associated with bird and bat droppings, affecting the lungs.

Sarcoidosis

An inflammatory disease that produces small lumps of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in various organs, including the lungs, causing respiratory issues.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

A genetic condition leading to lung and liver disease, resulting from insufficient levels of the protein alpha-1 antitrypsin, which protects tissues from damage.

Antigenic Drift

Minor changes in the influenza virus that happen over time, affecting vaccine effectiveness.

Chronic Bronchitis

Long-term inflammation of the bronchi, often associated with smoking, leading to chronic cough and mucus production.

Asthma

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterized by reversible obstruction and hyperreactivity.

Granulomatous Lung Diseases

Lung conditions characterized by the formation of granulomas, including sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI)

Characterized by inflammation-induced vascular permeability in the lungs, leading to rapid onset hypoxemia.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

A significant health issue caused by blocked blood flow in the pulmonary artery, often from deep vein thrombosis.

Pulmonary Edema

Accumulation of fluid in the lung's air sacs, affecting oxygen exchange and often resulting from heart problems.

Obstructive Lung Disease

Conditions that involve obstruction of airflow in the respiratory pathways, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage Syndromes

Conditions characterized by bleeding into the lung parenchyma, such as Goodpasture syndrome and pulmonary vasculitis.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Lung infection occurring in individuals not hospitalized or residing in long-term care facilities, commonly bacterial or viral.