Anatomy

anterior

anterior

front of the body

posterior

the back of the body or body part

Midstagittal section

An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.

lateral

away from the midline

medial

toward the midline (middle)

superior

higher on the body, near the head

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

what is the transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

frontal or coronal plane

divides the anterior and posterior

dorsal (CNS)

back

spinal cavity

spinal cord

cranial

houses the brain

ventral

belly

diaphragm divides

thoracic from the abdominal cavity

thoracic cavity inside lungs houses

heart, lungs, and others

abdominal pelvic houses

digestive sustem and most urinary system organs

negative feedback (to low)

includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

maintains acceptable range for many substances or situations in the body

constant balance around the "ideal"

positive feedback loops

childbirth and increase the original stimulus to push the variable farther

afferent pathway

Pathway of receptor to control center

efferent pathway

flow from control center to effector

positive feedback loop

too high

receptor

afferent pathway

control center

efferent pathway

effector

back in balance

negative feedback loops

too low

receptor

afferent pathway

control center

efferent pathway

effector

back in balance

stimulus

what is kept in balance

receptor

cell that notices is out of balance

sends a signal to

control system

the control center

CNS or endocrine system

sends a signal to balance

it back out

what is the effector

cell that creates balance

integumentary system (skin)

maintains and create barrier between interior and exterior of body

skeletal system (bones and cartilage)

site of blood cell formation for oxygen delivery around the body

hematopoiesis (stem cells make bc)

protects and supports body

movement and locomotion muscles pull bones

Muscular System (skeletal muscles)

produces movement, maintains posture, produces heat as a by product of contraction

endocrine system

secretes regulatory hormones (proteins and lipids)

aids nervous system in responding to changes in internal environment

metabolism, hunger, sleep, hydration

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and supporting nervous tissues

works with sensory receptors for external changes

repsonds internal and external change for response

urinary

kidney, ureters, bladders, and urethra

exxcretes nitrogenous waste and maintain homeostatsis in blood

circulatory system

heart, vein, artery

maintins stable body temp

transports materials in body

hormones to target body part

wastes to organ/body system for disposal

oxygen and nurtients to body cells

respiratory sytem

pressure between atmospheric and inner lung pressure for gas exchange

keeps blood supplied with oxygen

excretes carbon dioxide

digestive system

breaks down food by metabolism

allows for nutrient absoroption in blood

maintains water balance in blood

mechanical - cruching and moving vs. chemical - chemical and enzymes

reproductive system

produces offspring

lymphatic system

when unclean fluid escapes blood in tissues and returned back to the veins, collects fluid from body tissues, cleans it, and returns needed materials to the blood stream for immunity

simple diffusion

small non polar molecules move across the membrane with a gradient (CO2 and O2)

channel proteins

facilitated diffusion, each have one substance that movies through it with the gradient, large proteins that are polar like glucose, cells close channls to create gradients, when opened they send an electrical signal

4 types of molecules to build membrane

1. phospholipid 2. cholesterol 3. proteins 4. polysaccharide

What is a phospholipid?

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

1. makes barrier between internal and external environment

cholesterol

hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic tip (adds stability and prevents rigidity)

proteins

look like beans (transmembrane all the way across)

peripheral (halfway across)

channels and pump are transport proteins

Polyssacharides

carbohydrates generally used for identification/adhesion

protein pump shell

uses active transport ATP to move substances across the membrane

• creates the gradient

glycoprotein

used to identify cells and adhere cells to fixtures

transmembrane or peripheral

receptor

has a binding site for hormone to attach to targeted cells and only target cells have receptor for the hormone

receptor mediated endocytosis

peripheral

enzymes, glycoprotein, receptor proteins

transmembrane

channels and pumps

receptor protein

endocrine or exocrine

demidesmosome

anchor the cell to ECM (extracellular matrix)

Adherens and desmosomes

creates layers in epithelial tissue by binding cells together and relaying positional info

tight junctions

don't participate in cellular communication but hold cells firmly near apical surface, stops everything from moving in between

gap junctinons

important for cell communication

allows speedy communication

all cytoplasm is connected