Anatomy

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Chemistry

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163 Terms

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anterior
front of the body
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posterior
the back of the body or body part
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Midstagittal section
An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.
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lateral
away from the midline
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medial
toward the midline (middle)
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superior
higher on the body, near the head
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inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
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superficial
near the surface
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deep
away from the surface
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proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
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distal
away from the point of attachment
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what is the transverse
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
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frontal or coronal plane
divides the anterior and posterior
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dorsal (CNS)
back
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spinal cavity
spinal cord
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cranial
houses the brain
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ventral
belly
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diaphragm divides
thoracic from the abdominal cavity
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thoracic cavity inside lungs houses
heart, lungs, and others
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abdominal pelvic houses
digestive sustem and most urinary system organs
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negative feedback (to low)
includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
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maintains acceptable range for many substances or situations in the body

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constant balance around the "ideal"

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positive feedback loops
childbirth and increase the original stimulus to push the variable farther
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afferent pathway
Pathway of receptor to control center
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efferent pathway
flow from control center to effector
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positive feedback loop
too high
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receptor

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afferent pathway

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control center

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efferent pathway

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effector

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back in balance

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negative feedback loops
too low
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receptor

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afferent pathway

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control center

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efferent pathway

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effector

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back in balance

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stimulus
what is kept in balance
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receptor
cell that notices is out of balance
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sends a signal to
control system
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the control center
CNS or endocrine system
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sends a signal to balance
it back out
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what is the effector
cell that creates balance
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integumentary system (skin)
maintains and create barrier between interior and exterior of body
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skeletal system (bones and cartilage)
site of blood cell formation for oxygen delivery around the body
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hematopoiesis (stem cells make bc)

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protects and supports body

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movement and locomotion muscles pull bones

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Muscular System (skeletal muscles)
produces movement, maintains posture, produces heat as a by product of contraction
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endocrine system
secretes regulatory hormones (proteins and lipids)
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aids nervous system in responding to changes in internal environment

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metabolism, hunger, sleep, hydration

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nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and supporting nervous tissues
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works with sensory receptors for external changes

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repsonds internal and external change for response

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urinary
kidney, ureters, bladders, and urethra
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exxcretes nitrogenous waste and maintain homeostatsis in blood

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circulatory system
heart, vein, artery
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maintins stable body temp

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transports materials in body

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hormones to target body part

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wastes to organ/body system for disposal

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oxygen and nurtients to body cells

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respiratory sytem
pressure between atmospheric and inner lung pressure for gas exchange
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keeps blood supplied with oxygen

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excretes carbon dioxide

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digestive system
breaks down food by metabolism
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allows for nutrient absoroption in blood

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maintains water balance in blood

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mechanical - cruching and moving vs. chemical - chemical and enzymes

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reproductive system
produces offspring
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lymphatic system
when unclean fluid escapes blood in tissues and returned back to the veins, collects fluid from body tissues, cleans it, and returns needed materials to the blood stream for immunity
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simple diffusion
small non polar molecules move across the membrane with a gradient (CO2 and O2)
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channel proteins
facilitated diffusion, each have one substance that movies through it with the gradient, large proteins that are polar like glucose, cells close channls to create gradients, when opened they send an electrical signal
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4 types of molecules to build membrane
1. phospholipid 2. cholesterol 3. proteins 4. polysaccharide
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What is a phospholipid?
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
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1. makes barrier between internal and external environment

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cholesterol
hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic tip (adds stability and prevents rigidity)
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proteins
look like beans (transmembrane all the way across)
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peripheral (halfway across)

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channels and pump are transport proteins

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Polyssacharides
carbohydrates generally used for identification/adhesion
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protein pump shell
uses active transport ATP to move substances across the membrane
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- creates the gradient

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glycoprotein
used to identify cells and adhere cells to fixtures
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transmembrane or peripheral

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receptor
has a binding site for hormone to attach to targeted cells and only target cells have receptor for the hormone
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receptor mediated endocytosis

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peripheral
enzymes, glycoprotein, receptor proteins
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transmembrane
channels and pumps
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receptor protein
endocrine or exocrine
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demidesmosome
anchor the cell to ECM (extracellular matrix)
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Adherens and desmosomes
creates layers in epithelial tissue by binding cells together and relaying positional info
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tight junctions
don't participate in cellular communication but hold cells firmly near apical surface, stops everything from moving in between
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gap junctinons
important for cell communication
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allows speedy communication

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all cytoplasm is connected