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tissue
a group of cells that function as a unit to perform a similar function
dermal tissue
external tissue that serves as protection from water loss, disease, and herbivores; type of plant tissue
ground tissue
forms internal tissues and can participate in photosynthesis, storage, or structural support; type of plant tissue
vascular tissue
conducts water and nutrients; type of plant tissue
meristematic tissue
responsible for plant growth/cell division; type of plant tissue
epidermis
type of dermal tissue
protoderm
type of primary meristem; type of dermal tissue
cortex
contains collenchyma; type of ground tissue
ground meristem
type of primary meristem; type of ground tissue
procambium
type of primary meristem ;type of vascular tissue
trichomes
hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis; can keep leaf cool, reduce evaporation, and deter herbivores
root hairs
hair-like extensions from epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root
parenchyma
most common cell type that functions in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion; type of ground tissue
collenchyma
provides flexible support in the cortex; type of ground tissue
sclerenchyma
provides support with extremely thick, rigid cell walls; type of ground tissue
fiber
provides support to vascular tissue and is dead at maturity; type of sclerenchyma
sclereids
function in protection and is dead at maturity; type of sclerenchyma
xylem
principal water-conducting tissue that is dead at maturity; type of vascular tissue
phloem
principal food-conducting tissue that is alive at maturity; type of vascular tissue
inside
Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles...xylem to the_____
outside
Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles...phloem to the____
monocot stems
Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem
dicot stems
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring around the edge of the stem
meristems
permanent regions of growth and active cell division
apical meristems
regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots; primary growth
primary meristems
tissue that develops from apical meristems
lateral meristems
produce secondary tissues that increase the diameter of the plant; secondary growth
vascular cambium
increases girth and produces wood; type of lateral meristem
cork cambium
produces bark; type of lateral meristem
anatomy
an organisms physical structure or form
physiology
how an organisms body functions
adaptations
traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
trade-offs
alternative that must be given up when one choice is made rather than another
acclimatization
short term and reversible change that occurs in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations
nervous tissue
cells that carry electrical messages between the brain and every other part of the body
dendrites
receive messages from other cells; type of neuron
axons
conduct impulses away from the cell body; type of neuron
skeletal muscle
attaches to bones and is responsible for most body movements; type of muscle tissue
cardiac muscle
walls of the heart and pumps blood throughout the body; type of muscle tissue
smooth muscle
lines the walls of the digestive tract and blood vessels that control movement through those systems; type of muscle tissue
epithelial tissue
tissues that cover the outside of the body and line surfaces of organs
organ
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
simple epithelia
one layer of cells that allows gasses, water, and nutrients to move easily; type of epithelial tissue
stratified epithelia
multiple layers of cells that protect the body surface from the environment; type of epithelial tissue
connective tissue
provides support for the body and connects all its parts
loose connective tissue
holds organs and tissues together, contains fibrous proteins; fat tissue
dense connective tissue
tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones, and organs; collagen fibers
supporting connective tissue
bone and cartilage that provide structural support and protective enclosures for components of the nervous system
fluid connective tissue
blood
homeostasis
stability in chemical and physical conditions within an organism's cells, tissue, and organs
enzyme function
homeostasis is dependent on ____
sensor
a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment through temperature receptors; a homeostatic system
integrator
evaluates incoming sensory information and decides whether a response is necessary using the brain; a homeostatic system
effector
a structure that restore the internal condition; a homeostatic system
negative feedback
homeostatic systems are based on___
temperature
a measure of thermal energy
heat
the transfer of thermal energy
conduction
a direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other; thermoregulation
convection
heat is exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid or gas; thermoregulation
thermal radiation
transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact; thermoregulation
evaporation
an endothermic process that results in a loss of heat; thermoregulation
endothermic process
a chemical reaction that absorbs heat; thermoregulation
endotherm
an animal that gains heat from internal metabolic processes; maintain a relatively constant body temperature
ectotherm
an animal that gains heat from external sources; dependent on environmental temperature
homeothermy
constant body temperature within a narrow range
endothermic homeotherms
humans are ____(thermoregulation)
poikilothermy
variable body temperature over a broad range
thermal equilibrium
when an organism is at equal temperature with the environment
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a function
diffusion
movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
state of equilibrium
molecules distributed throughout available space
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane to lower concentration
turgor pressure
the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
plasmolysis
a cell shrinks due to the loss of water through osmosis
water potential
used to predict which way water will move
pressure potential
turgor pressure resulting from pressure against the cell wall
pressure potential increases
as turgor pressure increases ____
solute potential
the concentration of solute in each solution
solute potential decreases
as solute concentration increases ____
total water potential
solute potential + pressure potential
transpiration
evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
cohesion-tension theory
upward water movement through vascular tissue due to transpiration
aquaporins
enhance osmosis by bulk flow
apoplast route
movement through the cell walls and the space between cells
symplast route
cytoplasm continuum between cells connected by plasmodesmata
transmembrane route
out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell
bulk flow
the directional mass movement of a fluid due to pressure differences
pressure flow theory
how carbohydrates are moved through the phloem
source
a tissue where sugar enters the phloem
sink
tissue where sugar exits the phloem
liebigs law of the minimum
if one of the essential plant nutrients is deficient, plant growth will be poor even when all other essential nutrients are abundant
liver
secretes molecules that aid in fat digestion; an accessory gland
gallbladder
stores secretions from liver; empties into small intestine; an accessory gland
pancreas
secretes enzymes and other materials into the small intestine
lingual lipase
begins the digestion of lipids by saliva
peristalsis
involuntary waves of muscle contraction to move food through the digestive system
muscle contractions
when food enters the stomach, _____ result in churning that mixes and breaks down the food mechanically
negative charge
soil particles have a ____
cation exchange capacity
the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations
ammonia, nitrate
plants need ____ or ___ to build proteins
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