Bio 202: Lecture 14-20

tissue

a group of cells that function as a unit to perform a similar function

dermal tissue

external tissue that serves as protection from water loss, disease, and herbivores; type of plant tissue

ground tissue

forms internal tissues and can participate in photosynthesis, storage, or structural support; type of plant tissue

vascular tissue

conducts water and nutrients; type of plant tissue

meristematic tissue

responsible for plant growth/cell division; type of plant tissue

epidermis

type of dermal tissue

protoderm

type of primary meristem; type of dermal tissue

cortex

contains collenchyma; type of ground tissue

ground meristem

type of primary meristem; type of ground tissue

procambium

type of primary meristem ;type of vascular tissue

trichomes

hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis; can keep leaf cool, reduce evaporation, and deter herbivores

root hairs

hair-like extensions from epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root

parenchyma

most common cell type that functions in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion; type of ground tissue

collenchyma

provides flexible support in the cortex; type of ground tissue

sclerenchyma

provides support with extremely thick, rigid cell walls; type of ground tissue

fiber

provides support to vascular tissue and is dead at maturity; type of sclerenchyma

sclereids

function in protection and is dead at maturity; type of sclerenchyma

xylem

principal water-conducting tissue that is dead at maturity; type of vascular tissue

phloem

principal food-conducting tissue that is alive at maturity; type of vascular tissue

inside

Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles...xylem to the_____

outside

Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles...phloem to the____

monocot stems

Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem

dicot stems

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring around the edge of the stem

meristems

permanent regions of growth and active cell division

apical meristems

regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots; primary growth

primary meristems

tissue that develops from apical meristems

lateral meristems

produce secondary tissues that increase the diameter of the plant; secondary growth

vascular cambium

increases girth and produces wood; type of lateral meristem

cork cambium

produces bark; type of lateral meristem

anatomy

an organisms physical structure or form

physiology

how an organisms body functions

adaptations

traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce

trade-offs

alternative that must be given up when one choice is made rather than another

acclimatization

short term and reversible change that occurs in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations

nervous tissue

cells that carry electrical messages between the brain and every other part of the body

dendrites

receive messages from other cells; type of neuron

axons

conduct impulses away from the cell body; type of neuron

skeletal muscle

attaches to bones and is responsible for most body movements; type of muscle tissue

cardiac muscle

walls of the heart and pumps blood throughout the body; type of muscle tissue

smooth muscle

lines the walls of the digestive tract and blood vessels that control movement through those systems; type of muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

tissues that cover the outside of the body and line surfaces of organs

organ

a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

simple epithelia

one layer of cells that allows gasses, water, and nutrients to move easily; type of epithelial tissue

stratified epithelia

multiple layers of cells that protect the body surface from the environment; type of epithelial tissue

connective tissue

provides support for the body and connects all its parts

loose connective tissue

holds organs and tissues together, contains fibrous proteins; fat tissue

dense connective tissue

tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones, and organs; collagen fibers

supporting connective tissue

bone and cartilage that provide structural support and protective enclosures for components of the nervous system

fluid connective tissue

blood

homeostasis

stability in chemical and physical conditions within an organism's cells, tissue, and organs

enzyme function

homeostasis is dependent on ____

sensor

a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment through temperature receptors; a homeostatic system

integrator

evaluates incoming sensory information and decides whether a response is necessary using the brain; a homeostatic system

effector

a structure that restore the internal condition; a homeostatic system

negative feedback

homeostatic systems are based on___

temperature

a measure of thermal energy

heat

the transfer of thermal energy

conduction

a direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other; thermoregulation

convection

heat is exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid or gas; thermoregulation

thermal radiation

transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact; thermoregulation

evaporation

an endothermic process that results in a loss of heat; thermoregulation

endothermic process

a chemical reaction that absorbs heat; thermoregulation

endotherm

an animal that gains heat from internal metabolic processes; maintain a relatively constant body temperature

ectotherm

an animal that gains heat from external sources; dependent on environmental temperature

homeothermy

constant body temperature within a narrow range

endothermic homeotherms

humans are ____(thermoregulation)

poikilothermy

variable body temperature over a broad range

thermal equilibrium

when an organism is at equal temperature with the environment

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a function

diffusion

movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

state of equilibrium

molecules distributed throughout available space

osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane to lower concentration

turgor pressure

the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

plasmolysis

a cell shrinks due to the loss of water through osmosis

water potential

used to predict which way water will move

pressure potential

turgor pressure resulting from pressure against the cell wall

pressure potential increases

as turgor pressure increases ____

solute potential

the concentration of solute in each solution

solute potential decreases

as solute concentration increases ____

total water potential

solute potential + pressure potential

transpiration

evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

cohesion-tension theory

upward water movement through vascular tissue due to transpiration

aquaporins

enhance osmosis by bulk flow

apoplast route

movement through the cell walls and the space between cells

symplast route

cytoplasm continuum between cells connected by plasmodesmata

transmembrane route

out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell

bulk flow

the directional mass movement of a fluid due to pressure differences

pressure flow theory

how carbohydrates are moved through the phloem

source

a tissue where sugar enters the phloem

sink

tissue where sugar exits the phloem

liebigs law of the minimum

if one of the essential plant nutrients is deficient, plant growth will be poor even when all other essential nutrients are abundant

liver

secretes molecules that aid in fat digestion; an accessory gland

gallbladder

stores secretions from liver; empties into small intestine; an accessory gland

pancreas

secretes enzymes and other materials into the small intestine

lingual lipase

begins the digestion of lipids by saliva

peristalsis

involuntary waves of muscle contraction to move food through the digestive system

muscle contractions

when food enters the stomach, _____ result in churning that mixes and breaks down the food mechanically

negative charge

soil particles have a ____

cation exchange capacity

the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations

ammonia, nitrate

plants need ____ or ___ to build proteins