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Bio 202: Lecture 14-20
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120 Terms
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1
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tissue
a group of cells that function as a unit to perform a similar function
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dermal tissue
external tissue that serves as protection from water loss, disease, and herbivores; type of plant tissue
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ground tissue
forms internal tissues and can participate in photosynthesis, storage, or structural support; type of plant tissue
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vascular tissue
conducts water and nutrients; type of plant tissue
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meristematic tissue
responsible for plant growth/cell division; type of plant tissue
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epidermis
type of dermal tissue
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protoderm
type of primary meristem; type of dermal tissue
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cortex
contains collenchyma; type of ground tissue
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ground meristem
type of primary meristem; type of ground tissue
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procambium
type of primary meristem ;type of vascular tissue
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trichomes
hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis; can keep leaf cool, reduce evaporation, and deter herbivores
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root hairs
hair-like extensions from epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root
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parenchyma
most common cell type that functions in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion; type of ground tissue
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collenchyma
provides flexible support in the cortex; type of ground tissue
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sclerenchyma
provides support with extremely thick, rigid cell walls; type of ground tissue
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fiber
provides support to vascular tissue and is dead at maturity; type of sclerenchyma
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sclereids
function in protection and is dead at maturity; type of sclerenchyma
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xylem
principal water-conducting tissue that is dead at maturity; type of vascular tissue
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phloem
principal food-conducting tissue that is alive at maturity; type of vascular tissue
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inside
Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles...xylem to the_____
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outside
Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles...phloem to the____
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monocot stems
Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem
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dicot stems
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring around the edge of the stem
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meristems
permanent regions of growth and active cell division
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apical meristems
regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots; primary growth
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primary meristems
tissue that develops from apical meristems
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lateral meristems
produce secondary tissues that increase the diameter of the plant; secondary growth
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vascular cambium
increases girth and produces wood; type of lateral meristem
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cork cambium
produces bark; type of lateral meristem
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anatomy
an organisms physical structure or form
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physiology
how an organisms body functions
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adaptations
traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
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trade-offs
alternative that must be given up when one choice is made rather than another
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acclimatization
short term and reversible change that occurs in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations
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nervous tissue
cells that carry electrical messages between the brain and every other part of the body
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dendrites
receive messages from other cells; type of neuron
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axons
conduct impulses away from the cell body; type of neuron
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skeletal muscle
attaches to bones and is responsible for most body movements; type of muscle tissue
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cardiac muscle
walls of the heart and pumps blood throughout the body; type of muscle tissue
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smooth muscle
lines the walls of the digestive tract and blood vessels that control movement through those systems; type of muscle tissue
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epithelial tissue
tissues that cover the outside of the body and line surfaces of organs
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organ
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
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simple epithelia
one layer of cells that allows gasses, water, and nutrients to move easily; type of epithelial tissue
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stratified epithelia
multiple layers of cells that protect the body surface from the environment; type of epithelial tissue
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connective tissue
provides support for the body and connects all its parts
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loose connective tissue
holds organs and tissues together, contains fibrous proteins; fat tissue
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dense connective tissue
tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones, and organs; collagen fibers
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supporting connective tissue
bone and cartilage that provide structural support and protective enclosures for components of the nervous system
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fluid connective tissue
blood
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homeostasis
stability in chemical and physical conditions within an organism's cells, tissue, and organs
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enzyme function
homeostasis is dependent on ____
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sensor
a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment through temperature receptors; a homeostatic system
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integrator
evaluates incoming sensory information and decides whether a response is necessary using the brain; a homeostatic system
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effector
a structure that restore the internal condition; a homeostatic system
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negative feedback
homeostatic systems are based on___
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temperature
a measure of thermal energy
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heat
the transfer of thermal energy
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conduction
a direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other; thermoregulation
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convection
heat is exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid or gas; thermoregulation
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thermal radiation
transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact; thermoregulation
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evaporation
an endothermic process that results in a loss of heat; thermoregulation
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endothermic process
a chemical reaction that absorbs heat; thermoregulation
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endotherm
an animal that gains heat from internal metabolic processes; maintain a relatively constant body temperature
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ectotherm
an animal that gains heat from external sources; dependent on environmental temperature
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homeothermy
constant body temperature within a narrow range
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endothermic homeotherms
humans are ____(thermoregulation)
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poikilothermy
variable body temperature over a broad range
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thermal equilibrium
when an organism is at equal temperature with the environment
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organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a function
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diffusion
movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
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state of equilibrium
molecules distributed throughout available space
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osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane to lower concentration
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turgor pressure
the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
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plasmolysis
a cell shrinks due to the loss of water through osmosis
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water potential
used to predict which way water will move
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pressure potential
turgor pressure resulting from pressure against the cell wall
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pressure potential increases
as turgor pressure increases ____
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solute potential
the concentration of solute in each solution
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solute potential decreases
as solute concentration increases ____
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total water potential
solute potential + pressure potential
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transpiration
evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
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cohesion-tension theory
upward water movement through vascular tissue due to transpiration
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aquaporins
enhance osmosis by bulk flow
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apoplast route
movement through the cell walls and the space between cells
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symplast route
cytoplasm continuum between cells connected by plasmodesmata
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transmembrane route
out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell
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bulk flow
the directional mass movement of a fluid due to pressure differences
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pressure flow theory
how carbohydrates are moved through the phloem
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source
a tissue where sugar enters the phloem
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sink
tissue where sugar exits the phloem
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liebigs law of the minimum
if one of the essential plant nutrients is deficient, plant growth will be poor even when all other essential nutrients are abundant
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liver
secretes molecules that aid in fat digestion; an accessory gland
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gallbladder
stores secretions from liver; empties into small intestine; an accessory gland
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pancreas
secretes enzymes and other materials into the small intestine
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lingual lipase
begins the digestion of lipids by saliva
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peristalsis
involuntary waves of muscle contraction to move food through the digestive system
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muscle contractions
when food enters the stomach, _____ result in churning that mixes and breaks down the food mechanically
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negative charge
soil particles have a ____
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cation exchange capacity
the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations
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ammonia, nitrate
plants need ____ or ___ to build proteins
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