Chapter 27: Genomics

centromere

As the DNA in each chromosome is duplicated in preparation for cell division, the two copies remain joined together at a constricted point in the middle of the chromosome. This is the centromere.

Celera

________ began by randomly fragmenting all of the DNA without first placing it within the framework of a map.

genetic map

A(n) ________ shows the physical location of markers, identifiable DNA sequences (some within genes, some within noncoding DNA) that are known to be inherited.

biological effects

The ________ of incorporating an incorrect amino acid into a protein range from negligible to catastrophic, depending on both the nature and location of the change.

human genome

In the ________, the markers were an average of 1 million nucleotides apart.

Drugs

________ can be precisely chosen based on a patients own DNA, thereby avoiding ________ that are ineffective or toxic for that individual.

HGP

The ________ utilized a series of progressively more detailed maps to create a collection of DNA fragments with known location.

DNA

An error in base sequence that is carried along during ________ replication is called a mutation.

Genomics

________ is the study of whole sets of genes and their functions.

→This

________ is known as a genetic map because the order and locations of the markers are established by genetic studies of inheritance in related individuals.

Telomeres

________ are the ends of chromosomes; in humans, and contain long series of repeating groups of nucleotides.

Mutation

________ commonly refers to variations in DNA sequence found in a very small number of individuals of a species.

base pairs

There are about 3 billion ________ and about 19, 000 genes in the human genome.

Polymorphisms

________ are also variations in the nucleotide sequence of DNA within a given population.

Plasmids

________ are extremely easy to isolate, several copies of each ________ may be present in a cell, and each ________ replicates through the normal basepairing pathway.

mutagen

any agent that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation