Comp Sci

Parts of an Information Sytem:

Six parts - People, Procedure, Software, Hardware, Data, Internet

People

(End users) who use computers for higher productivity

Procedures

Rules or guidelines for computer operations

Software AKA Program

Provides step-by-step instructions for computer hardware

Hardware

Physical devices/equipment

Internet

Way to connect to other people and computers

Software Programs

Tells the computer how to process data into the form you want

Major types of software

System and Application

System Software is used by

Computers

Application Software is used by

People

System Software

Enables application software to interact with computer hardware

Background software

Helps manage resources

Operating System

Programs that coordinate computer resources, provide user interface with computers, run applications

Types of OS

Embedded, Standalone, Network

Embedded/Real-Time OS

Used by smartphones, tablets, mobile devices, small devices

Standalone/Desktop OS

Used by desktops, located on computer hard disk

Network OS

Used to control and coordinate networked/linked computers

Utilities

Perform tasks related to managing computer resources, designed to make computing easier, using the web safer

Antivirus Program

Utility example - Guard CS against viruses that damage soft/hardware and compromise personal data security

Application Software

End user software

Types of application software

General purpose, specialized, Apps

General Purpose Applications

Widely used in career - Word processors, spreadsheets, Database Management Systems, Presentation software

Specialized applications/suites

Focus on specific applications, occupations, purposes

Apps

Small programs designed for mobile devices - social media, games, music, videos

Supercomputers

Most powerful, high-capacity, process massive amounts of data, ex: worldwide weather patterns

Mainframe computers

Process large amounts of data, with great speed and storage, occupy specifically ACed rooms

Midrange computers

AKA Servers, more powerful than PC, less than mainframe

Personal Computers (PCs)

Five Types: Desktops, Smartphones, Wearables, Tablets, Laptop

System Unit

Houses electrical circuitry and components

Memory

Holding area for data, instructions and information before output

Input Devices

Translate (human) data into computer language

Output Device

Translate processed info/computer data into usable information for humans

Secondary Storage

Hard disk, permanent, non-volatile, holds data and programs even if power is off, larger capacity

Solid-State Storage

No moving parts, more reliable, less power, non volatile

Optical Disc

Use laser tech to store data, reflected light represents 1s and 0s - CDs, DVDs, Blu-Ray

Modem

Modulator-demodulator, modifies audio, video, and other data for transmission across the Internet, enables PC communication across different media (wires, cables, waves)

Data

Raw, unprocessed facts - processed data becomes information, digital date stored electronically in files

Connectivity

Capability of sharing information with other systems

Network

Communication systems connecting two or more devices

The largest network is

the Internet

Web

Multimedia interface to numerous Internet resources

Forces of Technology

Cloud Computing, Wireless technology, The Internet of Things

Cloud computing

Uses the Internet and web to shift activites from users computer to Internet computer - more powerful tools, software, storage

Wireless technology

Changes how we communicate - PCs

The Internet of Things

Continuing development of the Internet, allows all types of devices to communicate by sending and receiving data

ICT (information and communications technology)

Technology, infrastructure, component or devices that enable communications, data sharing and global connectivity

Database file

Created by database management programs to contain highly organized data

Laptops AKA

Notebook computers

Smartphones

The most widely used PC

Display/Monitor

Most common output device

Document Files

Created by word processors to save documents

Hard Disks

Have rotating parts that allow for inexpensive, high capacity storage. Less durable, slower than SSD. Data saved and retrieved using magnetic charges

Information

Processed facts

Temporary storage

Lost when computer power is turned off

Microprocessors

Control and manipulate data to produce information

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Chip holds program and CPU processing data, primary, temporary and volatile storage, lost if power failure

The Internet

Interconnected mesh of computers and data lines

Why was the Internet the foundation of the digital revolution

Allowed people to share words, images, and digital files almost instantly

What year did the Internet launch

1969

Whats ARPANET

Advanced Research Project Agency Network, funded by US, largest network in the world

The web AKA

The World Wide Web (WWW)

Web introduced:

1991

Difference between the Internet and the web

Internet is physical network, web is multimedia interface to resources on the Internet

Prior to the web, the Internet was

All text, no graphics, audio, video, or animations

Web 1.0

Use of search engines - few knowledgeable creators, large reader audience

Web 2.0

Social media and content sharing - small audiences, the friends and families of creators

Web 3.0

The semantic web and relationships between data - creator is the computer program, audience is an individual user

Web 4.0

The mobile web, extension of Web 3.0 with info available on mobile devices

Web 5.0

The emotional web - programs that anticipate needs based on mood and behaviours, still developing

Online

Connected to the network of physical devices

Most common Internet uses:

Communicating, shopping, searching, e-learning, online entertainment

Types of Online Entertainment

Movies/Videos, Music, Books, Social Media, News Feeds, Podcasts

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Already connected, provide path to the internet - use DSL, cable, wireless

Browser

Program to access web resources - connect remotely, transfer files, display multimedia

Mobile Browsers

Designed for phones, larger buttons, touchscreen pinch/stretch

Desktop Browsers

For computers, more on screen options, larger monitor, precise selection

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Resource location and address - made of two main parts

Protocol

Rules for exchanging data between computers

Domain Name

Where the resource is located

Top Level Domain (TLD)

Last part of domain name AKA web suffix, identitifies organization type

Domain Types

Commercial (.com), Educational (.edu), Government (.gov), US Military (.mil), Network (.net), Organization (.org)

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Markup language for displaying web pages

Browsers interpret HTML commands —>

Display document as a web page

Links and Hyperlinks

Connections to other web pages

JavaScript

Language within HTML documents to trigger interactive features - ex. opening new browser, executes on user’s computer

PHP

PHP Hypertext Processor, Language within HTML documents for better interactivity, executes on website’s computer

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Seperate files or lines referenced by HTML document to control web page appearance, consistent style

Filters

Block access to selected sites, set time limits, monitor activity and time spent

File Transfer Utilities

Upload and download files to and from the Internet

BitTorrent

Distributes file transfers across many different computers for efficiency, used for unauthorized distribution of music and media

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)/Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)

Copy files to and from computer to Internet, used to upload website changes

Wiki

Allows visitors to edit site content, supports collaborate writing - from Hawaiian word for ‘fast’

SMS

Short Message Service

MMS

Multimedia messaging service - send images, videos, sound

Client-based email system

Email client program must be installed on computer, communicates with email service provider

Web-based email system

Webmail client programs runs between computer browser connects and email service provider, no email program needed

CAN-SPAM Act

Antispam laws

Search Engines and Search Services

Find info from websites, web, Internet, CS, apps, data or files

Spiders

Automated programs look for new info and update databases

Content Evaluation:

Authority, Accuracy, Objectivity, Currency