FIRE AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

MANIFESTING PASADOOOOO

Fire Tetrahedron

The combustion reaction can be characterized by four components: the fuel, the oxidizing agent, heat, and an uninhibited chemical chain reaction.

Oxygen

(oxidizing agent) material/substance that yield oxygen or oxidizing gases during the process of a chemical reaction.

Fuel

(Reducing agent) materials or substance being burned in the combustion process. The fuel in a combustion reaction is known as the reducing agent.

Heat

(Temperature) the energy component of the fire tetrahedron.

Self-Sustained Chemical Reaction

(the fourth element) a series of events that occur in sequence with the results of each individual reaction being added to the rest

Chemical Energy

The most common source of heat in combustion reactions. An energy released as a result of a chemical reaction such as combustion. When any combustible is in contact with oxygen oxidation occurs.

Electrical Energy

Energy developed when electrons flow through a conductor. And this energy can generate temperatures high enough to ignite any combustible materials near the heated gases.

Nuclear Energy

An energy generated when atoms either split apart (fission) or combine (fusion). Nuclear power plants generate power as a result of the fission of Uranium 235.

Mechanical Energy

An energy created by friction and compression.

Heat of Friction

the movement two surfaces against each other. This movement produced sparks being generated.

Heat of Compression

heat is generated when a gas is compressed in a container or cylinder.

Potential energy

an energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future.

Kinetic energy

an energy possessed by a moving object.

Heat

an energy that is transferred between two objects of differing temperature such as sun and the earth.

Light

a visible radiation created at the atomic level such as flame produced during combustion.

Combustion or burning

is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames, appearance of light flickering

Fire

a rapid, self-sustaining oxidization process accompanied by the release of heat and light of different intensities.

Pyrolysis

chemical process whereby fire consumes the most solid part of the fuel. It is the thermal decomposition of a solid fuel through the action of heat.

Fire gases

chemical composition of the fuel, percent of oxygen present, and temperature of the fire.

Flame

the luminous body of a burning gas which gets hotter and less luminous when mixed with more oxygen.

Luminous flame

a reddish orange in color; it deposits soot because it is a product of incomplete combustion; it has lower temperature.

Non–luminous flame

bluish in color; it does not deposit soot because it is a product of complete combustion; it has a higher temperature than luminous flame

Smoke

a visible product of incomplete combustion, a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, CO, CO2 and finely divided particles released from the burning material.

Specific gravity

the ratio of the weight of a solid or substance to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Vapor density

the weight of a volume of pure gas compared to the weight of a volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.

Vapor pressure

the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of the liquid at equilibrium.

Temperature

the measure of thermal degree of the agitation of molecules of a given substance; the measure of the molecular activity within a substance.

Boiling point

the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

Ignition temperature or kindling temperature

the minimum temperature to which the substance in the air must be heated in order to initiate or cause self-contained combustion without the addition of heat from outside sources.

Fire point

the temperature at which the material will give off ample vapours to keep burning.

Flashpoint

the temperature at which a material is not hot enough to keep burning, but still gives off enough vapours to cause a flame to “flash” across the surface

Endothermic reaction

are changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place.

Exothermic reaction

reactions or changes that release or give off energy (heat) thus they produce substances with less energy than the reactants.

Oxidation

a chemical change in which combustible material (fuel) and an oxidizing agent react.

Backdraft

the fire–fighting personnel who are operating or on the act of suppressing the fire at the structure must take an extra care when opening a building to gain entry or to provide horizontal ventilation.

Flashover

occurs when a room or other area is heated enough that flames sweep over the entire surface.

Rollover

the point at which gases produced by pyrolysis ignites. It involves only any gases and is typified by a brief, sudden ignition in the overhead air.

Class A

materials involving vegetable fibers, wood, paper straw, grain, and grass; combustible minerals such as coal and coke.

Class B

materials including petroleum products such as gasoline, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and greases; natural gases and compressed gases such as butane, propane, hydrogen, and acetylene.

Class C

involves electrical motors

Class D

involving combustible metals, alloys, or metal compounds either in a solid, semi-solid or liquid state.

Conduction

it is the transmission of heat through an object/medium or conductor, such as pipe, metal, hot air duct, wire, or even wall.

Radiation

the transmission through the discharge and spread of heat from a heated or burning source. This radiation takes place through the air or through space that cause another flammable object to ignite.

Convection

it is transmission of hat by the moving currents of liquid or gas. When these gases or liquids are heated, they start to move within themselves; and by their free motion, circulation starts.

Flame Contact

heat may be conduct from one body to another by direct flame contact, by flame contact.

Intensity of fire

means simply “how hot the fire is burning.” Some types of fuels naturally burn hotter (more intensely) than others. For example, a gasoline fire burns hotter than a wood fire, while an acetylene flame is hotter than a gasoline flame.

Explosive Limits

means the amount (expressed in percent) of fuel vapour that can be mixed with air to form an explosive or flammable mixture.

Magnitude of fire

means the size of a fire, and it is governed by the surface area of fuel exposed to the air.

Ignition temperature

is the degree of heat necessary to ignite flammable

FIRE SUPPRESSION

means slowing down the rate of burning, whereas, control means keeping the fire from spreading or holding the fire to one area. Extinguishment is putting the fire completely out.

Smothering

excludes the oxygen from the fuel so that the gases or vapours of the fuel cannot ignite and continue the combustion. CO2 and AFFF are used for this purpose.

Separation

the removal of the fuel, as in the example of turning off a valve in a gas line prevents the fuel and oxygen from coming together. If fuel is not available, then heat regardless of the temperature, cannot affect the fuel, therefore there is no fire.

Water

used only on Class A fires. Water is the most effective in cooling the burning materials below its ignition temperature. It is the most commonly used agent in firefighting.

Carbon Dioxide

a number of its properties make carbon dioxide a desirable extinguishing agent.

Dry Chemical

is use today are mixtures of powders and various additives that improve the storage, flow, and water repellency of the powders.

Dry Powder

is a generally term for agents used to extinguish combustible metal fires.

Aqueous Film Forming Foam

has replaced protein foam for all around firefighting purposes.

First Aid

is the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or sick person before or until the arrival of qualified personnel/doctor. When the term first aid is used to describe a piece of equipment, the same general meaning applies.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

It is a mechanical device usually made of metal, containing chemicals, fluids, or a gas for stopping fires, the means for application of its contents for the purpose of putting out fire (particularly small fire) before it propagates, and is capable of being readily moved from place to place.

Hydrostatic Test

is an internal pressure check of an extinguisher cylinder or shell to detect possible failure under pressure.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514

"Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008"

Section 3

also provides for the issuance of the Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) in which no occupancy, business permit or permit to operate may be granted.

Section 7 of the RA 9514

Provides for the Inspections, Safety Measures, Fire Safety, Constructions, and Protective and/or Warning Systems in which owners, administrators or occupants of buildings, structures and their premises or facilities and other responsible persons shall be required to comply with the following, as may be appropriate

Department of Defense (DOD)

used a hazard classification and identification system all its own for explosives and other dangerous materials.