Biology 14

Frederick Griffith studied streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogenic beterium causing ___

Frederick Griffith studied streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogenic beterium causing ___

pneumonia

2 strains of streptococcus are the _ strain that is virulent, and the _ strain that is nonvirulent

S, R

Live virulent _ strain killed the mice, and the live nonvirulent strain _ did not kill the mice

S, R

Heat killed __ strain cells did not kill the mice

virulent

Heat killed virulent strain and the live nonvirulent strain did __ the mouse

kill

Information specifying virulence passed from the dead S strain cells into the live R strain cells, where __ material was transferred between the cells is known as __

genetic, transformation

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment digested proteins from the transforming material and did not destroy its ability to transform _ strain cells

R

DNA digesting enzyme __ all transforming ability

destroyed

DNA was supported as the __ material

genetic

Bacteriophage are viruses that infect __

bacteria

Bacteriophage consists of __ and __

DNA and protein

Bacteriophage DNA was labeled with radioactive phosphorous (), and protein was labeled with radioactive sulfur ()

32P, 35S

Only the bacteriophage DNA entered the bacteria and was used to produce more ___, concluding DNA is the genetic material

bacteriophage

DNA structure includes a 5 carbon sugar ___, phosphate group, a __ base, and a free __ group

deoxyribose, nitrogenous, hydroxyl

Phosphate group attached to _ prime end

5

Hydroxyl group attached to __ prime end

3

Phosphodiester bond is between adjacent __

nucleotides

____ bonds are formed between phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3' OH of the next nucleotide

phosphodiester

Erwin Chargaff determined A = _ and C = _

T, G

Rosalind Franklin discovered that DNA is __

helical

A forms _ hydrogen bonds with T

2

G forms _ hydrogen bonds with C

3

DNA replication requires something to _, something to do the _, and __ to make the copy

copy, copying, building blocks

Something to copy is the __ DNA molecule

parental

Something to do the copying are __

enzymes

Building blocks to make copies are nucleotide __

triphosphates

Semiconservative replications means that there is _ old strand and _ new strand

1, 1

Initiation is when __ begins

replication

Elongation are new strands of __ that are synthesized by DNA polymerase

DNA

termination is when __ is terminated

replication

DNA polymerase matches existing DNA bases with complementary __ and links them

nucleotides

DNA polymerases all have several common features: add new bases to _ prime end of existing strands, synthesize in a _ prime to _ prime direction, and requires a _ of RNA

3, 5 to 3, primer

Replicon is DNA controlled by an __

origin

Prokaryotic replication is a __ circular molecule of DNA

single

In prokaryotic replication, replication begins at the __ of replication

origin

Prokaryotic replication proceeds in __ directions around the chromosome (bidirectional)

both

DNA polymerase _ acts on lagging strand to remove primers and replace with DNA

1

DNA polymerase _ is involved in DNA repair

2

DNA polymerase _ is the main replication enzyme

3

All 3 DNA polymerases have a __ ability (3' to 5'_

proofreading

Helicases use energy from ATP to __ DNA

unwind

Single strand binding proteins coat strands to keep them __

apart

Topoisomerases prevent __

supercoiling

DNA gyrase is the topoisomerase involved in DNA __

replication

The leading strand is synthesized continuously from an __ primer

initial

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously with __ priming events

multiple

DNA fragments on the lagging strand are called __ fragments

okazaki

Synthesis occurs at the __ fork

replication

partial opening of a helix forms the __ __

replication fork

DNA primase makes __ primer

RNA

DNA pol III is like the __ strand

leading

Primase makes __ primer for each okazaki fragment

RNA

DNA pol I removes all __ primers and replaces with DNA

RNA

Multiple replicons means there is multiple origins of replications for each __

chromosome

__ uses a complex of both DNA polymerase a and primase

priming

DNA polymerase __ synthesizes leading strand

epsilon

DNA polymerase __ is involved in replication and repair

delta

telomeres are specialized structures found on the ends of __ chromosomes

eukaryotic

telomeres are composed of specific __

sequences

telomeres protect ends of chromosomes from __ and maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes

nucleases

telomerase contributes to __

cancer

__ repair targets a single kind of lesion in DNA and repairs only that damage

specific

photorepair is a specific repair mechanism using __ dimers caused by UV light

thymine

Photolyase absorbs light in visible light, and uses the energy to cleave __ dimer

thymine

nonspecific repair is used when the damaged region is removed and replaced by __ synthesis

DNA

nonspecific repair recognizes damage, removes damaged region, and __ the information on the undamaged strand as a template

resynthesizes

Beadle and tatum used __ to damage DNA

Xrays

Beadle and Tatum looked for __ mutations, and used a __ medium

nutritional, Minimal

Beadle and Tatum looked for fungal cells lacking __ enzymes

specific

One __, one __ hypothesis has become one __ one ___ hypothesis from Beadle and Tatum

gene, enzyme, gene, polypeptide

DNA becomes RNA through ___, then RNA to protein through ___

transcription, translation

RNA can convert to DNA through reverse __

transcriptase

___ can convert their RNA genome into DNA

retroviruses

In transcription, only the template strand of __ is used. The strand of DNA not used as template is the __ strand

DNA, coding

Transcription is the DNA directed synthesis of __

RNA

T in DNA is replaced by _ in RNA

U

mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of __, carries the code from DNA

polypeptides

rRNA decodes ___ to synthesize a polypeptide

mRNA

tRNA transfers amino acids to the __

ribosome

snRNA are involved in __

splicing

Crick and Brenner determined how the nucleotide order in DNA encoded __ ___ order

amino acid

A __ is a block of 3 DNA nucleotides, which corresponds to an amino acid

codon

The genetic code for each amino acid consists of __ nucleotides

3

Three bases coding for an amino acid are known as a __

codon

Codons to terminate translation are known as __ codons: U__, U_A, and U_G

stop, AA, G, A

Codon used to start translation are known as _ codons: A_G

Start, U

Code is degenerate meaning some amino acids are specified by more than one __

codon

2 forms of RNA polymerase are core and __enzyme

holo

The holoenzyme is needed to accurately initiate synthesis, and formed by addition of a __ factor

sigma

Transcription does not require a __

primer

Initiation of transcription requires a ___, which forms the binding and recognition site for RNA polymerase

primer

Promoters are found upstream from the start site, indicates the direction of __, and is not transcribed itself

transcription

Transcription requires a __ site

start

Transcription unit equals a __, a __ site, and a ___ site

promoter, start, termination

Transcription elongation grows in the _ prime to _ prime direction as ribonucleotides are added

5, 3

RNA polymerase 1 transcribes __ , RNA polymerase 2 transcribes ___ and some snRNA, and RNA polymerase 3 transcribes __ and some other small RNAs

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

Each RNA polymerase recognizes its own __

promoter

Eukaryotes modify the primary transcript to become mature mRNA, modifications include the addition of a __ prime cap, a __ prime poly-A tail, and the removal of __

5, 3, introns

Non-coding sequences are known as __

introns

Sequences that will be translated are known as __

Exons