PSY124-prejudice,stereotypes,discrimination

Prejudice

negative feelings towards ppl based on their membership in a soc group

discrimination

negative behaviour towards ppl because of their membership in a certain group

stereotypes

belief that link a group of ppl w/ specific traits

prescriptive stereotypes

Beliefs about how a group should be (women should be nurturing)

descriptive stereotypes

Beliefs about how a group is (women are nurturing)

types of prejudice

• racism

• sexism

• ageism

individual bias

a person has unfair beliefs, uses fixed labels, or treats others unfairly.

systemic bias

rules, organizations and traditions keep giving advantages to some groups while making life harder for others.

implicit bias

operates unconsciously and unintentionally

aversive racism

someone truly believes in equality but still shows racist behavior without realizing it

(Jury decisions, hiring)

moral credentialing

doing something good first so they feel it’s okay to act unfairly later (supporting minor group charity but make racist jokes)

virtual signalling

Publicly talk about their values to look fair or cover bias

microagressions

subtle but harmful form of discrimination

common themes of microagressions

Perpetual alien (“Where are you really from?”)

Ascribing positive traits (“You’re smart for a girl”)

Differential treatment (based on group membership)

Colourblindness

Denial of bias in meritocracy (“Stop complaining”)

Environmental (offensive names/places)

dehumanization

seeing people from other groups as less human, comparing them to animals or natural forces

infrahumanization

seeing people from other groups as less human by thinking they feel only simple emotions (like fear or anger) but not complex ones

ambivalent sexism

• hostile sexism - negative resentful feelings towards women

• benevolent sexism - women need protection, women are morally pure

stereotype threat

fearing you’ll be evaluated by negative stereotypes about your group (girls cant do math)

can become a self-fulfilling prophecy

can be reduced with intervention

meta stereotypes

outgroup will view ppl from your group which can make you worried they’ll see you in a negative way

socialization

ppl learn the norms, rules and info of their culture or group. (learning gender norms, racial attitudes, other social biases)

gender norms

pervasive, lead to double standards

intersectionality

multiple overlapping social identities

soc categorization

classifying persons into groups based on common attributes 

outgroup homogeneity effect

thinking that people from another group all seem the same, while seeing more differences among people in your own group

stereotypes

belief about what people are like just because they belong to a certain group

the stereotype content model

2 dimensions:

1 warmth - group is friendly

2 competence - group is capable/skilled

stereotype-consistent info

illusory correlation

confirmation bias

illusory correlation

imagining a connection between two things that don’t actually relate

confirmation bias

focusing on information that supports what you already believe and ignoring anything that disagrees with it

stereotype - inconsistent info

• attributions - making excuses for behavior that doesn’t fit a stereotype( blaming the situation or the person so the stereotype still seems true)

• subtyping - ppl lable the person as a exception, whent they dont match the stereotype 

self control

suppressing stereotypes takes mental effort

extrinsic motivation

not wanting to apper prejudiced

intrinsic motivation

not wanting to be prejudiced

social identity th

we get much of our sense of who we are and our self-worth from the groups we belong to, so we want to view our own groups in a positive way

ingroup favoritism

discriminate against outgroups and favor ingroups

minimal group design

participants are randomly assigned, but told they belong to a specific group

realistic group conflict th

groups become hostile toward each other when they’re fighting over the same limited things (jobs, money)

Social Dominance Orientation

a desire to see one’s in-group as dominant over other groups and adopting values that facilitate oppression

system justification th

ppl are motivated to defend and justify the existing soc, political and econ conditions

contact hypothesis 

group hostility will be reduced by:

equal status btwn the group

personal interaction btwn the members

cooperation on a shared goal

soc norms favor contact

common ingroup identity model

people from different groups start seeing themselves as part of one larger group, their attitudes toward each other usually become more positive

jigsaw classroom

children from diff backgrounds cooperate by learning diff parts of a larger project