chapter 8, joints, study guide

joint classification

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous

material between bones: fibrous tissue connects bones
types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis, synostosis
functional classification: synarthrosis
movement allowed: immovable joints
ex: synchondrosis

cartilaginous

material between bones: cartilage connects bones
types: synchondroses, sympheses
functional classification: amphiarthrosis
movement allowed: slightly movable joints
ex: syndesmosis

synovial

material between bones: synovial fluid filled cavity around join, cartilage on ends of bones
types: diarthrosis
functional classification: diarthrosis
movement allowed: freely movable joints
ex: all synovial

synovial joints

gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar (ellipsoid), saddle, ball and socket

gliding

classification meaning: 2 surfaces gliding past each other
movement allowed: sliding
axial?: nonaxial
ex: vertebral facets, carpals/tarsals

hinge

classification meaning: angular motion in a single plane
movement allowed: flexion/extension
axial?: uniaxial
ex: elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal

pivot

classification meaning: rotation only
movement allowed: pivots
axial?: rotation
ex: atlas/axis, proximalradioulnar joint

condylar (ellipsoid)

classification meaning: oval articular fave within a depression
movement allowed: abduct/adduct, flex/extend
axial?: biaxial
ex: radiocarpal joint

saddle

classification meaning: 2 concave, straddled
movement allowed: flex/extend, abduct/adduct
axial?: biaxial
ex: 1st carpometacarpal

ball and socket

classification meaning: round articular face in a depression
movement allowed: flex/extend, abduct/adduct, rotation
axial?: multiaxial
ex: hip, shoulder

gliding

description: linear surfaces slide past each other
planes: nonaxial
ex: carpals/tarsals

flexion

description: angular motion, reduces angle between elements
planes: anterior, sagittal
ex: knee

extension

description: angular motion
planes: anterior, sagittal
ex: knee

hyperextension

description: extension past anatomical position
planes: anterior, sagittal
ex: head

abduction

description: moves away from longitudinal axis
planes: frontal
ex: shoulder

adduction

description: moves toward longitudinal axis
planes: frontal
ex: shoulder

circumduction

description: circular motion without rotation
planes: coronal, sagittal
ex: shoulder

rotation (lateral,medial)

description: direction of rotation from anatomical position
planes: transverse
ex: head

pronation

description: rotates forearm, radius over ulna
planes: frontal
ex: arm turned up

supination

description: forearm in anatomical position
planes: frontal
ex: arm, turning back

inversion

description: twists sole of foot medially
planes: coronal
ex: foot

eversion

description: twists sole of foot laterally
planes: coronal
ex: foot

doriflexion

description: flexion at the ankle (toes up, heel down)
planes: sagittal
ex: ankle

plantar flexion

description: extension at ankle (toes down, heel up)
planes: sagittal
ex: ankle

opposition

description: thumb movement towards fingers/palm (grasping)
planes: sagittal, coronal
ex: thumb

protraction

description: pushes forward (horizontal)
planes: sagittal
ex: jaw

retraction

description: pulls back
planes: sagittal
ex: jaw

elevation

description: moves in superior direction (up)
planes: coronal
ex: jaw

depression

description: moves in inferior direction (down)
planes: coronal
ex: jaw

lateral flexion

description: bends vertebral column from side to side
planes: coronal
ex: vertebral column

unhappy triad?

anterior cruciate ligament, medial cruciate ligament, tibial collateral ligament

double jointed?

ligaments/tendons/joint capsules are more flexible than usual

luxation in the shoulder rather than the hip?

the acetabulum is deeper, bigger hip muscles, ligamentum teres in hip

torn medial meniscus?

most common knee injury, can lead to trick knee and popping

suture

joint found only in the skull

gomphosis

tooth in socket

synchondrosis

bones united by hyaline cartilage

symphesis

bones united by fibrocartilage

d (1)

which type of joint is found between distal tibula and fibula
a- synchondrosis, b-gomphosis, c-suture, d-syndesmosis

d (2)

which type of joint is found between the distal tibia and fibula?
a-synchondrosis, b-gomphosis, c-suture, d-syndesmosis

c (1)

a diarthrosis is an example of a --- joint?
a-symphsis, b-synchondrosis, c-synovial, d-syndesmosis

b (1)

a sac of synovial fluid that provides a cushion between a tendon and bone...
a-interosseous membrane, b-bursa, c-meniscus, d-articular disk

d (3)

the elbow joint (humerus and ulna) and between the phalanges of the fingers are...
a-saddle joint, b-ellipsoid joint, c-plane joints, d-hinge joints

a (1)

the joint between the axis and atlas is a...
a-pivot joint, b-ellipsoid joint, c-ball and socket joint, d-plane joint

c (2)

the thumb is an example of a...
a-pivot joint, b-ellipsoid joint, c-ball and socket joint, d-plane joint

d (4)

hyaline cartilage that covers the surface of the bones involved in the articulation is called...
a-menisci cartilage, b-joint cartilage, c-synovial cartilage, d-articular cartilage

b (2)

found withing the cavity of diarthritic joints, this substance reduces friction and nourishes cartilage...
a-ligament, b-synovial fluid, c-tendon, d- fibrous capsule

b (3)

a slightly movable joint, such as the intervertebral disks between vertebrae...
a-synarthrosis, b-amphiarthrosis, c-diarthrosis, d-bursa