Histology Final Chapter 9 Cartilage and Bones

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104 Terms

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Cartilage
Tough, durable form of supporting connective tissue, characterized by an extracellular matrix (ECM) with high concentrations of GAGs and proteoglycans, interacting with collagen and elastic fibers
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Bear mechanical stresses
ECM has a firm consistency that allows the tissue to ____________________ without permanent distortion
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Respiratory Tract, Ears, and Nose
Where does cartilage form framework supporting softer tissues?
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Cushioning and sliding regions
Cartilage Provides ___________________ within Skeletal Joints and Facilitates bone movements
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Chondrocytes
Cartilage consists of cells called _____________ embedded in the ECM.
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Lacunae
Chondrocytes synthesize and maintain all ECM components and are located in cavities called?
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long bones
Cartilage also guides development and growth of _____________, both before and after birth
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electrostatic bonds between type II collagen fibrils, hyaluronan, and the sulfated GAGs on densely packed proteoglycans
What gives cartilage its physical properties?
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The high content of bound water
What allows cartilage to serve as a shock absorber?
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Blood vessels and Nerves
What does Cartilage Lack?
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Diffusion from capillaries in surrounding connective tissue (Perichondrium)
How does chondrocytes receive nutrients?
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Low metabolic Activity
Since chondrocytes are avascular they exhibit_________________
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Perichondrium
A sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places, forming an interface between the cartilage and the tissues supported by the cartilage. harbouring blood supply to the cartilage.
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Synovial Fluid
Articular cartilage lack perichondrium so there fore it gets it oxygen and nutrients from the ________
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Hyaline Cartilage
the most common of the three types of cartilage, homogeneous and semitransparent in the fresh state
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Nose, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, ventral ends of ribs and in epiphyseal plates of long bones
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
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Temporary skeleton
Hyaline cartilage forms the ____________ in the embryo that is gradually replaced by bone
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Osteoarthritis
A chronic Condition that commonly occurs during aging, involves the gradual loss or changed physical properties of the hyaline cartilage that lines the articular ends of bones in joints
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Aging and “wear and tear” of hyaline cartilage
What is osteoarthritis caused by?
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Benign
Chondroma is what type of cancer tumor?
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Malignant
Chondrosacroma tumors are what type of cancer tumor?
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Elastic Cartilage
What is similar to hyaline cartilage but contains an abundant network of elastic fibers and collagen type II fibrils. (yellowish color)?
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Auricle of the ear, the walls of the external auditory canals, the auditory (Eustachian) tubes, the epiglottis and the upper respiratory track.
Where can elastic cartilage be located?
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Fibrocartilage
A mingling of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue. Serves as a very tough, yet cushioning support tissue for bone
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Intervertebral discs, in attachments of certain ligaments, and in the public symphysis
Where can fibrocartilage be located?
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Isogenous aggregates, Type II Collagen
Chondrocytes of fibrocartilage occur singly and often in aligned _____________ __producing__ ____________ and other ECM components
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Fibroblasts and dense bundles of type I collagen
What brings extra strength to Fibrocartilage?
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The relative scarcity of proteoglycans
What makes fibrocartilage matrix more acidophilic than that of hyaline or elastic cartilage?
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Surrounding perichondrium
There is no ________________________ in fibrocartilage
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Bone marrow
Where are blood cells formed?
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Bone
What provides solid support for the body, protects vital organs such as those in the cranial and thoracic cavities?
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Bone Tissue
What serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can be released or stored in a controlled fashion to maintain constant concentrations in body fluids?
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Osteocytes
What is found in cavities (lacunae) between bone matrix layers (lamellae), with cytoplasmic processes in small canaliculi?
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Osteoblasts
What are growing cells which synthesize and secrete the organic components of the matrix?
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Osteoclasts
What are giant, multinucleated cells involved in removing calcified bone matrix and bone remodeling?
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Cylindrical spaces of the canaliculi
How do osteocytes and blood capillaries communicate?
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Endosteum
What layers of connective tissue containing osteogenic cells surround internal surfaces such as the marrow cavity?
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Periosteum
What layers of connective tissue containing osteogenic cells surround the external surface?
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Decalcified
What is done to bones so that it can be prepared for sectioning?
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Metastatic Tumors
The skeleton is a secondary site for?
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Osteosacroma
What is the name of cancer tumors that come from bones?
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Small blood and Lymphatic Vessels
How do cancer cells move into the bones?
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Breast, Lung, Prostate gland, kidney, or thyroid gland
What are the most common locations where bones get their malignant cancer cells from?
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Increase in density
When you exercise and move the bones what happens to them?
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Decrease in density
When you DONT exercise and move the bones what happens to them?
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Mechanostat
The extensive network of osteocyte dendritic processes and other bones cells have been called?
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M-CSF and RANKL
What are the two polypeptides produced by osteoblasts needed for osteoclast development?
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enzymatically etched depressions or cavities in the matrix
Whats the resorption Lacunae (Howship Lucunae)
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A ruffled border
What does an osteoclast do in order to work with the matrix?
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Perforating/Sharpey fibers
What penetrates the bone matrix and binds the periosteum to the bone?
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Osteogenitor cells
What plays a prominent role in bone growth and repair?
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The periosteum’s inner layer
Osteoblasts, bone lining cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (the osteoprogenitor cells) all make up?
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small trabeculae of bony matrix that project into the marrow cavities
what does the endosteum cover?
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Endosteum within a sparse, delicate matrix of collagen fibers
What is the difference between Perioseum and Endosteum?
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Osteopetrosis
what is a genetic disease characterised by dense and heavy bones?
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DEXA Scans
How are patients tested for BMD?
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Calcium loss from bones and reduced bone mineral density (BMD)
What is Osteoporosis?
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bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions. also Noncrystalline calcium phosphate
WHat is also found in the bone matrix other than Calcium Hydroxyapatite?
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Type I Collagen
What makes up the majority of the organic matter embedded in the calcified matrix?
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Osteonectin
What are the preteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins that are embedded in the calcified matrix?
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Osteocalcin
What are calcium binding proteins called?
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Osteogenesis
What is bone development also referred as?
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Intramembranous ossification
what is process in which osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid
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Endochondral ossification
What is the process in which a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin osteoid production?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
What is also known as the “brittle bone disease”?
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Defect in collagen Type I
Why is the bone so brittle in osteogenesis imperfecta?
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Fragility of bones
what does he defect in Collagen Type I in bone cause?
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Joints
Regions where adjacent bones are capped and held together firmly by other connective tissues?
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very limited or no movement
What are synarthroses joints classified as?
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Fibrous and Cartilaginous
What are joints subdivided into?
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synostoses
Whats involves bones linked to other bones and allow essentially no movement. usually In older adults _________ unite the skull bones?
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Syndesmoses
Whats joins bones by dense connective tissue only. Examples include the interosseous ligament of the inferior tibiofibular joint and the posterior region of the sacroiliac joints?
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Symphyses
what has a thick pad of fibrocartilage between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones such as the intervertebral discs?
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Permit free bone movement. such as the elbow and knee. Unite long bones and allow great mobility
What are diarthroses joints classified as?
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Irregular and random arragnment of cells and collagen; lightly calcified
What are the histological features of woven bones?
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Developing and growing bones; hard callus of bone fractures
What is the major location of Woven Bones?
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Immature bone; primary bone; bundle bone
What are the synonyms of woven bones?
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Parallel bundles of collagen in thin layers (lamellae), with regularly spaced cells between; heavily calcified
What are the histological features of Lamellar bones?
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All normal regions of adult bone
What is the major location of the lamellar bones?
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Mature bone; secondary bone
What are the synonyms for Lamellar bone?
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Parallel lamellae or densely
What are the histological features of compact bones?
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Thick, outer region (beneath periosteum) of bones
What is the major location of compact bone?
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Cortical bone
What is the synonym for Compact bones?
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Interconnected thin spicules or trabeculae covered by endosteum
What are the histological features of cancellous bone?
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Inner region of bones, adjacent to marrow cavities
What is the major locations of cancellous cone?
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Spongy bone; trabecular bone; medullary bone
What is the synonyms of cancellous bone?
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Compact Bone
what makes up 80% of all lamellar bone?
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Cancellous Bone
What makes up 20% of lamellar bone?
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Homogenous, with type II collagen and aggrecan
What are the main features of the ECM in hyaline cartilage?
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Type II collagen, aggrecan, and darker elastic fibers
What is the main features of the ECM in Elastic Cartilage?
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Type II collagen and large areas of dense connective tissue with type I collagen
What is the main features of the ECM in Fibrocartilage?
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Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What are the major cells in Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage?
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Chondrocytes and fibroblasts
What are the major cells in fibrocartilage?
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isolated or in small isogenous groups
what is the typical arrangment of chondrocytes in Hyaline cartilage?
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Usually in small isogenous groups
What is the typical arrangement of chondrocytes in Elastic cartilage?
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Isolated or in isogenous groups arranged axially
what is the typical arrangement of chondrocytes in Fibrocartilage?
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Yes
Is there a presence of perichondrium in Elastic and Hyaline cartilage?
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No
Is there a presence of perichondrium in fibrocartilage?
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Many components of upper respiratory tract; articular ends and epiphyseal plates of long bones; fetal skeleton
What are the main locations or examples of hyaline cartilage?
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External ear, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis and certain other laryngeal cartilages
What are the main locations or examples of elastic cartilage?