Gynecologic Malignancy- Maddie

What is cancer? Is it the same thing as a malignancy?

- abnormal, uncontrolled growth and division of cells which invade and compromise healthy tissue

- same as malignancy

- vast majority are monoclonal

what does monoclonal mean

-cancer cell that stem from the same parent cell, one cell loses control and never stops diving

what is the most deadly of the gynecologic malignancies in the USA?

ovarian cancer (second most common gynecologic maligncnay)

what are the 3 types of ovarian cancer?

- epithelial

- germ cell

- sex cord-stromal cell

over ___ % of ovarian malignancies are _____

- 90%

- epithelial

which epithelial ovarian cancers are hereditary?

-BRCA1

-BRCA2

- lynch syndrome

why is ovarian cancer often diagnosed at an advanced stage? Symptoms?

- no early symptoms

- later symptoms are vague (bloating, GI symptoms, pelvic/abdominal heaviness)

When diagnosed for epithelial ovarian cancer what stage are most people at?

3 or 4

how does epithelial ovarian cancer spread?

spreads throughout the peritoneal cavity

- What is the most common type of ovarian germ cell cancer?

- What is the male equivalent of this type of cancer called?

- Dysgerminoma

- Seminoma

what cells do germ cell cancers arise?

cells that make gametes (ova or sperm)

In what age group do germ cell tumors most commonly occur?

Girls/women ages 10-25

- what cells do sex cord/stromal cancers arise and how common are sex cord/stromal tumors?

- arise from other supporting cells in the gonads (not the gamete-forming cells).

- rare

what is the most common sex cord tumor and what does it produce?

- granulose cell tumor

- estrogen -> secondary uterine cancer

another sex cord tumor is the Sertoli-leydig tumor, what does produce and what can it cause in women?

- androgens

- virilization

this presentation feature of endometrial malignancy allows us to detect it early

abnormal vaginal bleeding

most common gyn malignancy in USA?

- endometrial malignancy

- 1:35 women will develop; usually over 60 but can occur in younger women

endometrial cancer risk factors

-estrogen without progesterone

-chronic anovulation

-diabetes

-obesity

what does endometrial cancer spread through and where does it spread?

-spreads locally into muscles of the uterus and into local organs

-spreads through lymphatic system

what is a precursor to endometrial cancer

endometrial hyperplasia

most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide, and almost all cases are caused by what?

- cervical cancer

- HPV (this is a preventable malignancy!)

how are abnormal Pap smears reported as?

- dysplasia (not cancer)

- squamous intraepithelial lesion

high grade SIL has what % chance of progressing to carcinoma in situ?

30%

in the US how is cervical cancer found? in other countries?

-pap exams

-HPV testing

- vaginal bleeding or discharge

where does cervical cancer spread

-locally into pelvic bones, bladder, uterus, bowels

What is the most common gynecologic cancer in the world that is preventable with vaccines?

cervical cancer