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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
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121 Terms
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plane
A two-dimensional surface that divides two halves.
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vertical
Oriented vertically up or down where the frontal and sagittal planes meet.
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sagittal
A plane that divides the body into left and right sections.
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frontal
A plane that divides the body into front and back sections.
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transverse
A plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections.
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anteroposterior
The axis that extends from posterior to anterior.
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axis
A line between two points.
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bilateral symmetry
Anatomical parts that are the same on both sides of a plane.
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symmetry
Matching form and configuration on opposite sides of a plane.
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directional term
A term used to explain the relation of one or more body parts.
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caudal
Directional term for near the posterior end of the body.
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medial
Directional term for situated toward the midline of the body.
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distal
Directional term for farther from the origin of the body part point of attachment.
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proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part point of attachment.
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lateral
Located away from the midline of the body off to the side.
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intermediate
Located between a medial and lateral structure.
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deep
Extending beneath the body surface.
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superficial
Located near or toward the body surface.
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right
In medical terminology, a reference to the patient’s actual right side.
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left
In medical terminology, a reference to the patient’s actual left side.
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parallel
Positioning of two structures that lie in the same plane and are not touching.
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perpendicular
Positioning of two structures at a right angle to each other.
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cranial
Related to the upper part of the head or skull.
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inferior
Anatomy located away from the head or toward the lower body.
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superior
Anatomy located toward the head or upper part of the body.
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dorsal
Positioned toward the back of the body.
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ventral
Positioned towards the front, or abdominal side, of the body.
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atoms
Atoms are the building blocks of molecules.
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subatomic particles
Particles that are smaller than the atom, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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electron
A negatively charged subatomic particle.
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neutron
A subatomic particle that is electrically neutral.
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proton
A positively charged subatomic particle that determines the type of element.
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molecule
Two or more atoms joined together by sharing electrons.
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biomolecules
Molecules that make up living tissue, mostly made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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amino acids
Organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins.
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carbohydrate
A dietary compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provides energy.
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lipids
Hydrophobic molecules that store energy and act as structural modules of cell membranes.
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Transmits the information encoded in DNA.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Encodes the genetic material of the cell.
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chromatin
A combination of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes.
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Nucleic acid
Molecular units of polymers, such as DNA and RNA, that transmit genetic information.
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physiology
The branch of biology that deals with the functioning of living organisms.
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neurophysiology
The study of the function of the nervous system.
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receptor
A molecule that receives and transmits a signal.
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effector
A muscle, organ, or gland that responds to a stimulus.
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membrane transport
The movement of molecules across a membrane barrier.
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osmosis
The tendency of molecules to diffuse across a membrane.
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diffusion
The passive movement of different types of molecules to achieve equal concentration.
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hydrophilic
Describes water-loving molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water.
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hydrophobic
Describes water-hating molecules that cannot form hydrogen bonds.
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homeostasis
The ability of an organism to stabilize its internal environment.
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homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in equilibrium due to a disruption in the environment.
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homeostatic regulation
The process that maintains physiological equilibrium.
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negative feedback
A response in the opposite direction of a disruption.
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positive feedback
The amplification of a response to an external signal.
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cell
The structural and functional unit of living organisms.
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organelle
A membrane-bound structure in the cell that performs a specific function.
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nucleus
The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.
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nucleoli
Structures within the nucleus where ribosomes are created.
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nuclear envelope
A double-layer membrane surrounding the nucleus.
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cytoplasm
Fluid material that gives support to the cell.
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mitochondrion
The organelle that processes fats and carbohydrates to release energy.
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lysosomes
Organelles that break down waste material in the cell.
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peroxisomes
Organelles that break down cell components and protect from toxins.
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plasma membrane
The outer envelope of the cell that acts as a barrier.
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ribosomes
Molecular machines that decode RNA into proteins.
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle that supports protein assembly and transport.
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle that helps fold, modify, and transport proteins.
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Golgi apparatus
An organelle that processes proteins to export from the cell.
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Anatomical position
The standard positioning of the body when using anatomical terminology.
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Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves.
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Coronal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves.
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axis
An invisible line that runs vertically through the center of the axial region.
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anterior
Toward the front of the body.
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Posterior
Toward the back of the body.
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lateral
Describes something that is away from the midline of the body.
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medial
Refers to something that is toward the midline of the body.
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distal
A point that is farther away from a point of reference.
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proximal
A point that is closer to a point of reference.
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superior
A body structure that is located above another structure.
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inferior
A body structure that is located below another structure.
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Regional terminology
A set of vocabulary words that refer to specific parts of the body.
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Axial Region
The body region that includes the head, neck, and trunk.
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Cephalic Region
Body region that pertains to the head.
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Cervical Region
The area of the body pertaining to the neck.
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Trunk Region
The region of the body that includes the chest and abdomen.
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Thoracic Region
Body region that pertains to the chest.
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Abdominal region
Body region below the torso between the diaphragm and pelvis.
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Pelvic Region
The lower abdomen region that connects the torso and the legs.
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Vertebral Region
The central region of the back parallel to the vertebral column.
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Appendicular Region
The body region that includes the arms and legs.
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Surface Anatomy
The study of external configurations of the body.
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Superficial Landmark
A structure on the surface of the body that helps orient an observer.
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Midclavicular Line
An invisible vertical line that passes through the midpoint of the clavicle.
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Midpupillary Line
An invisible vertical line that passes through the midpoint of the eye.
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Thyroid Cartilage
The largest cartilage in the larynx that protects the vocal cords.
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Upper Extremities
The upper area of the body that includes the shoulder and arms.
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Axilla
Area on the body located under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.
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Carpal
Referring to the bones of the wrist.
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Lower Extremities
The lower area of the body that includes the hips and legs.
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