Cellular energetics - Pt. 1

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simplified equation of photosynthesis

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H2O + CO2 + light → O2 + glucose + H2O

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Enzymes

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made up of proteins that acts as a catalyst - does not get consumed

sometimes needs ATP

do not change the free energy

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Photosynthesis

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32 Terms

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simplified equation of photosynthesis

H2O + CO2 + light → O2 + glucose + H2O

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Enzymes

made up of proteins that acts as a catalyst - does not get consumed

sometimes needs ATP

do not change the free energy

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active site

lock and key: where catalysis occurs - substrates binding exactly

induced fit: substrates bind and active site changes shape

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conditions

pH: optimal 6-8

temperature: higher temp speeds up reactions but too hot will denature proteins

cofactors: non proteins helpers for catalytic activity (organic = coenzymes)

concentration of substrate and concentration of enzyme

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inhibitors

competitive and non competitive, substances that decrease enzyme activity

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competitive inhibition

looks simialr to the substrate

binds to active site

no reaction takes place because active site taken up

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non-competitive inhibiton

binds to allosteric site (away from active site) and changes shape to change function and stop enzyme from working

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forms of energy

kinetic: motion

heat/thermal: random movement of atoms or molecules

potential: location/structure

chemical: to release in reaction

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laws of thermodynamics

1st: energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd: every energy transfer increases the entropy

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endergonic vs exergonic reactions

ender: energy absorbed

exer: energy released

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ATP

energy for cellular processes

ribose, adenine, 3 phosphates

unstable, stored when stable ADP (phosphorylation)

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OILRIG

oxidation is lost, reduction is gained

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chloroplast

thylakoid membrane: light dependent reactions, first stage of photosynthesis, have grana

stroma: light independent reactions, calvin cycle

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pigment

absorbs light at a particular wavelength

chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins

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stomata & transpiration

stomata: CO2 enters, water vapor and O2 leave

transpiration: plants lose H2O from their leaves by evaporation

plants close stomata to conserve water but also closes off CO2 and locks too much O2 in

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Autotroph

self nourishing, producers

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Bundle sheath cells

cells tightly wrapped around veins of a leaf

site for calvin cycle in C4 plants

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C4 plants

adapted plant to hot and dry conditions

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mesophyll & mesophyll cells

mesophyll: interior tissue of leaf

mesophyll cells: contain many chloroplasts and host majority of photosynthesis

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photosytems

photosystem II = P680

photosystem I = P700

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light dependent reactions (noncyclic) - sequence of events

  1. photon strikes PII

  2. captured by primary electron acceptor

  3. water split into 2H and O, electrons go to PII

  4. travels through ETC, creates ATP through active transport w/ cytochrome protein pump

  5. 5. photon strikes PI

  6. 2 electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH

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photolysis

water is broken up into hydrogen ions and oxygen during light dependent reactions

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photophosphorylation

ATP produced during light dependent reactions

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chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

a: major pigment, passes excited electrons to primary electron acceptor

b: accessory pigment

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oxygen from plants

produced from the intake of water (H2O), not CO2

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cyclic light reaction

no water split

no oxygen produced

no NADPH

still produces ATP

just uses PI and recycle electrons in ETC

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hydrogen ion gradient

made by cytochrome, used to power ATP synthase

H+ move from stomata to thylakoid

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light-independent reactions (calvin cycle)

occur in stomata

inputs: ATP and NADPH from light dependent, CO2

outputs: sugar, ADP, NADP+

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carbon fixation

carbon from CO2 + RuBp to form 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) through the enzyme Rubisco

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photorespiration

Rubisco uses oxygen instead of CO2, no sugar produced

happens on hot dry days when stomata is closed

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oxaloacetate

instead of two 3PGA molecules, produces one 4 carbon molecule, oxaloacetate during carbon fixation for C4 plants

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CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism)

water storing plants, desert plants

stomata open at night to avoid transpiration

Calvin cycle occurs during day when CO2 is released