Chemistry Definitions - Unit 2

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46 Terms

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Ore

Rock containing a metal compound from which the metal can be extracted

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Phytomining

The use of plants to absorb metal compounds from soil as part of metal extraction

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Combustion

When fuel reacts with oxygen to produce oxides and heat

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Oxidation

Gain of oxygen

Loss of hydrogen

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Loss of oxygen

Gain of hydrogen

Gain of electron

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Redox reaction

When both oxidation and reduction occurs at the same time

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Thermal decomposition

Breaking down of a substance using heat

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slag

Calcium silicate (CaSiO3)

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Rate

Measure of how fast the reaction takes place

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Collision Theory

This states that in order for particles (Atoms, molecules, or ions) to react they must collide and the collision must have sufficient energy, otherwise they will simply bounce off each other without reacting

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Activation energy

Minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur

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Catalyst

A substance which increases the rate of reaction without being used up

  • Transition metals and their compounds are often used as catalysts

  • Catalysts lower the activation energy

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Reversible reaction

A reaction in which the products, once made, can react to reform the reactants

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Exothermic reaction

releases heat (Negative direction)

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Endothermic reaction

Takes in heat (Positive direction)

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Irreversible reaction

reactions where the reactant convert to products and the products cannot be converted back into the eactants again

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Closed system

Where no substances can get in or out

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Open system

Allows entery and exit of substancess

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Dynamic equilibrium

When rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the amount of reactants and products remain constant

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Le chatelier’s principle

States that if a change is made to the conditions of a system at equilibrium moves to oppose that change in conditions

  • Concentration - If more of a chemical is added, the equilibrium position moves to remove it. If some of a chemical is removed, the equilibrium position moves to make more of it.

  • Pressure - Increased, moves to the side with least molecules. Decreased , moves to to side with most molecules

  • Temperature - Increased, moves in the endothermic direction. Decreased, moves in the exothermic reaction

  • Catalyst has no effect

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Haber Process

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2HN3

The condictions used in industry

  • temperature 450°C

  • pressure 200 atm

  • iron catalyst

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Hydrocarbon

Molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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Crude Oil (Petroleum)

Mixture containing mainly alkane hydrocarbons

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Petrochemicals

Chemicals made of petroleum and natural gas

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Finite resource

Once used, cannot be replaced in a human life time.

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Fraction

A mixture of molecule with similar boiling points

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Fraction uses

Fraction

Use

Refinery gases

Bottled gases

Petrol

Vehicle fuel

Naphtha

Chemical and plastics

Kerosene

Aircraft fuel

Diesel oil

Fuel for cars and trains

Fuel oil

Ship fuel; lubricants

Bitumen

Road Tar

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Homologous series

All members have the same general formula, have similar chemical properties and a gradation of physical properties. each member differs from the next by a CH2 unit

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Functional group

A reactive group in a molecule that dictates its chemical properties

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Unsaturated

The molecule contains one or more carbon-carbon double bond

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Addition reaction

Molecule added across a C=C

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Polymer

A long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together

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Monomer

A small chain molecule that combines with other monomers to form a polymer

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Addition Polymerisation

The process of joining monomer molecules together to form a long chain molecule

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Non-biodegradable

Cannot be decomposed by natural bacteria in the environment

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Cracking

The breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkanes)

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Acidified potassium dichromate

Oxidising agent, turns some alcohols to carboxylic acid (Orange to green)

  • methanol → methanoic acid

  • ethanol → ethanoic acid

  • propan-1-ol → propanoic acid

  • Propan-2-ol can be oxidised and change colour but acid is not formed

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Titrations

The accurate neutralisation of an acid with an alkali

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Avogadro’s law

States that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles/molecules

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Electrolysis

The decomposition(breaking down) of a substance by passing on electric current through it

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Electrolyte

A liquid which conducts electricity and decomposes

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Anode

Positive electrode

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Cathode

Negative electrode

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Bauxite

Aluminum in ore form

purifed this by using sodium hydroxide solution

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Aluminium Oxide

High melting point - 2050 degrees

To reduce melting point, Aluminium Oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite, reducing melting point to ~ 1000. Cryolite also increases conductivity of the aluminium oxide

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Reaction pathway

The curve from the reactants to the products

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Energy change

Difference between energy of reactants and products