Ore
Rock containing a metal compound from which the metal can be extracted
Phytomining
The use of plants to absorb metal compounds from soil as part of metal extraction
Combustion
When fuel reacts with oxygen to produce oxides and heat
Oxidation |
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Gain of oxygen |
Loss of hydrogen |
Loss of electrons |
Reduction |
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Loss of oxygen |
Gain of hydrogen |
Gain of electron |
Redox reaction
When both oxidation and reduction occurs at the same time
Thermal decomposition
Breaking down of a substance using heat
slag
Calcium silicate (CaSiO3)
Rate
Measure of how fast the reaction takes place
Collision Theory
This states that in order for particles (Atoms, molecules, or ions) to react they must collide and the collision must have sufficient energy, otherwise they will simply bounce off each other without reacting
Activation energy
Minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
Catalyst
A substance which increases the rate of reaction without being used up
Transition metals and their compounds are often used as catalysts
Catalysts lower the activation energy
Reversible reaction
A reaction in which the products, once made, can react to reform the reactants
Exothermic reaction
releases heat (Negative direction)
Endothermic reaction
Takes in heat (Positive direction)
Irreversible reaction
reactions where the reactant convert to products and the products cannot be converted back into the eactants again
Closed system
Where no substances can get in or out
Open system
Allows entery and exit of substancess
Dynamic equilibrium
When rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the amount of reactants and products remain constant
Le chatelier’s principle
States that if a change is made to the conditions of a system at equilibrium moves to oppose that change in conditions
Concentration - If more of a chemical is added, the equilibrium position moves to remove it. If some of a chemical is removed, the equilibrium position moves to make more of it.
Pressure - Increased, moves to the side with least molecules. Decreased , moves to to side with most molecules
Temperature - Increased, moves in the endothermic direction. Decreased, moves in the exothermic reaction
Catalyst has no effect
Haber Process
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2HN3
The condictions used in industry
temperature 450°C
pressure 200 atm
iron catalyst
Hydrocarbon
Molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only
Crude Oil (Petroleum)
Mixture containing mainly alkane hydrocarbons
Petrochemicals
Chemicals made of petroleum and natural gas
Finite resource
Once used, cannot be replaced in a human life time.
Fraction
A mixture of molecule with similar boiling points
Fraction uses
Fraction | Use |
---|---|
Refinery gases | Bottled gases |
Petrol | Vehicle fuel |
Naphtha | Chemical and plastics |
Kerosene | Aircraft fuel |
Diesel oil | Fuel for cars and trains |
Fuel oil | Ship fuel; lubricants |
Bitumen | Road Tar |
Homologous series
All members have the same general formula, have similar chemical properties and a gradation of physical properties. each member differs from the next by a CH2 unit
Functional group
A reactive group in a molecule that dictates its chemical properties
Unsaturated
The molecule contains one or more carbon-carbon double bond
Addition reaction
Molecule added across a C=C
Polymer
A long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together
Monomer
A small chain molecule that combines with other monomers to form a polymer
Addition Polymerisation
The process of joining monomer molecules together to form a long chain molecule
Non-biodegradable
Cannot be decomposed by natural bacteria in the environment
Cracking
The breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkanes)
Acidified potassium dichromate
Oxidising agent, turns some alcohols to carboxylic acid (Orange to green)
methanol → methanoic acid
ethanol → ethanoic acid
propan-1-ol → propanoic acid
Propan-2-ol can be oxidised and change colour but acid is not formed
Titrations
The accurate neutralisation of an acid with an alkali
Avogadro’s law
States that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles/molecules
Electrolysis
The decomposition(breaking down) of a substance by passing on electric current through it
Electrolyte
A liquid which conducts electricity and decomposes
Anode
Positive electrode
Cathode
Negative electrode
Bauxite
Aluminum in ore form
purifed this by using sodium hydroxide solution
Aluminium Oxide
High melting point - 2050 degrees
To reduce melting point, Aluminium Oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite, reducing melting point to ~ 1000. Cryolite also increases conductivity of the aluminium oxide
Reaction pathway
The curve from the reactants to the products
Energy change
Difference between energy of reactants and products