Studied by 1 personTRUE OR FALSE: Hair cells can be replaced if they are damaged
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Hair cells release neurotransmitter/paracrine agent in bursts in time with the vibrations in the basilar membrane
True
TRUE OR FALSE: If you are moving at a constant velocity, your ears give you the sensation that you are not moving
True
TRUE OR FALSE: In the utricle, all the hair cells are oriented with their kinocilium toward one side of the body
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Sound waves are waves of more pressurized and less pressurized air
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Sound waves are caused by vibrations
True
The faster something vibrates, the ________the perceived sound
Higher pitched
The larger the pressure difference between the compressed and rarified air in a sound wave, the _________the perceived sound
Louder
Vestibular information is used in reflexes to control...
Both eye muscles and postural muscles
Horizontal acceleration is detected in the ...
Utricle
In the light, on-center bipolar cells are...
depolarized
On-center bipolar cells have...
mGluR6
The scala tympani is filled with ________, which is high in _________.
perilymph, sodium
what is true about the sides of the brain? (what side is visual stuff processed)
all the information from the left visual field is processed on the right side of the brain
You would see the highest frequency of action potentials in a off-center ganglion cell when there is...
light in the surround and dark in the center
glutamate causes on-center bipolar cells to....
hyperpolarize
glutamate causes on-center ganglion cells to...
fire more action potentials
glutamate causes off-center bipolar cells to...
depolarize
TRUE OR FALSE: all ganglion cells have APMA receptors
true
TRUE OR FALSE: the center-surround relationship in the retina gives us a greater ability to see a lion hiding in the grass
true
the visual cortex is in the...
occipital lobe
the organ of Corti sits on the...
basilar membrane
the basilar membrane is...
wide near the apex and narrow near the base
TRUE OR FALSE:Farmed fruit is much sweeter than wild fruit
True
TRUE OR FALSE: taste cells can be replaced (they are epithelial)
True
TRUE OR FALSE: olfactory neurons can be replaced
True
Taste cells are…what kind of cell
Epithelial cells
TRUE OR FALSE: There are several scientific studies to show that mono sodium glutamate (MSG) has negative effects in the body
False
The sour receptor is…..
An ion channel
The best characterized receptor for umami is….
A Gi protein coupled receptor
Third order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in the…
Parietal lobe
The olfactory epithelium is…
Nervous tissue
TRUE OR FALSE: We have about 10,000 different odorant receptors
False (we have 1000)
TRUE OR FALSE: Sound waves are waves of compressed and rarefied air.
true
TRUE OR FALSE: The stapedius and tensor tympani can protect your auditory hair cells from sudden, loud noises.
false
TRUE OR FALSE: Stopping a constant forward motion feels the same to the vestibular system as starting a backward motion.
true
Opening a potassium channel in a hair cell cause the cell to...
depolarize
The vestibular cortex is in the...
parietal lobe
TRUE OR FALSE: the semi-circular canals are all at right angles to each other...
true
TRUE OR FALSE: there are action potentials being fired in vestibular afferents when the stereocilia of a vestibular hair cell are pointing straight up
true
TRUE OR FALSE: there is a form of lateral inhibition in the auditory system
true
higher frequency sound waves cause the basilar membrane closer to the ______to vibrate
oval window
our sensation of sound comes from the activation of_______
inner hair cells
when the stereocilia of an auditory hair cell are deflected toward the tallest stereocilia
the tip links pull on the potassium channels
when the stereocilia of an auditory hair cell are deflected toward the tallest stereocilia
the hair cells depolarizes
head tilt is detected in the...
utricle
the ________ tells you if you are falling
saccule
hair cells release...
glutamate
the stereocilia of auditory hair cells project toward the ______ membrane
tectorial
if the semi-circular canal above started to spin in a counter-clockwise direction, the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would...
be deflected to the left
if the semi-circular canal above continued to spin in a counterclockwise direction at the same angle and speed, after a few seconds the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would...
not be deflected
if the semi-circular canal above suddenly stopped a counter-clockwise rotation, the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would...
be deflected to the right
what brain location is responsible for the reflex of a sudden loud sound causing a person to look toward the sound?
inferior colliculus
some people feel motion sickness when there is a disconnect between which two senses?
vestibular and vision
what 3 things does the vestibular system detect?
head tilt, acceleration, falling
what 3 senses give us our sense of posture and movement?
vestibular, vision, proprioceptors
A lack of ATP in a skeletal muscle cell will cause which of the following...
Calcium levels to rise in the cell, the myosin head to stay bound to actin
Which of the following is connected to the z disk in skeletal muscle?
Actin and titin
Which if the following can you find in the I band?
Actin and the Z disk
Which of the following can you find in the A band?
Actin, myosin, H zone, and M line
You are more likely to injure a muscle with ________contractions
Eccentric
If the load on a skeletal muscle is less than the tension developed by that muscle, you get _______ contraction
Concentric
If the load on a skeletal muscle is greater than the tension developed by that muscle, you get ________ contraction.
Eccentric
If the load on a skeletal muscle is the same as the tension developed by that muscle, you get _______ contraction.
isometric
TRUE OR FALSE: A single action potential in an alpha motor neuron is sufficient to cause an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Calcium must come through L-type calcium channels in order for ryanodine receptors to open in skeletal muscle cells
False
TRUE OR FALSE: A single odorant usually only activates one type of olfactory receptor.
false
TRUE OR FALSE: The bumps you see on your tongue are the taste buds.
false
Actin is found in the....
thin myofilament
The best understood receptors for bitter taste are...
a Gq protein coupled receptor
The sweet receptor is...
a Gs protein coupled receptor
TRUE OR FALSE: The actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.
False
The myosin head binds to actin when it is...
phosphorylated
The I subunit of troponin binds to...
actin
Alpha motor neurons release...
acetylcholine (ACh)
What is the name of the large protein that attaches myosin to the Z disk?
Titin
TRUE OR FALSE: The action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber is over before the muscle starts to contract
True
Frequency coding is based on…
Higher calcium levels in the skeletal muscle cell
TRUE OR FALSE: The level of calcium in the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell is constant when the cell is in fused tetanus
False
TRUE OR FALSE: the heavier the load, the more myosin heads involved in cross-bridge cycling
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The use of fatty acids to generate ATP always requires oxygen
True
Fast-glycolytic fibers are also called…
Type 2b fibers
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers are also called…
Type 2a fibers
Slow-oxidative fibers are also called…
Type 1 fibers
Increasing the concentration of potassium in the T-tubule would cause the action potentials in the T-tubules to…
Repolarize slower
TRUE OR FALSE: It is normal for muscles to go into tetanus.
true
TRUE OR FALSE: The shorter the muscle is when it contracts, the more force it will generate.
false
TRUE OR FALSE: The velocity of muscle shortening decreases as the load increases.
true
TRUE OR FALSE: In general, white meat should be slightly sweeter than dark meat.
true
The thin myofilament in smooth muscle does NOT contain...
troponin
TRUE OR FALSE: activation of odorant receptors leads to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of a non-specific cation channel
false
TRUE OR FALSE: most of our sense of taste comes from activation of olfactory receptors
true
TRUE OR FALSE: olfactory hairs are normally covered in mucas
true
TRUE OR FALSE: one neuron will innervate several skeletal muscle fibers
true
TRUE OR FALSE: one skeletal muscle fiber will be innervated by several neurons
false
TRUE OR FALSE: one type of ODORANT RECEPTOR will bind more than one type of odorant
true
TRUE OR FALSE: one type of ODORANT will bind to more than one type of odorant receptor
true
TRUE OR FALSE: some second order olfactory neurons project directly to the cerebral cortex w/o synapsing in the thalamus
true
TRUE OR FALSE: the mechanism of release of paracrine agent by taste cells is very similar to the mechanism of neurotransmitter release from neurons
true
TRUE OR FALSE: the primary odorant in bananas and the primary odorant in beave musk can activate some of the same receptors
true
Note
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