reversed definitions ch 14

scopolamine and atropine

Extracts of the mandrake plant, historically used as sleeping aids

somnambulism

sleepwalking

barbituric acid and barbiturates

Sleeping drugs developed in the nineteenth century

circadian rythm

a biological rhythm of about 24 hours

sleep paralysis

inability to move or speak, sometimes accompanied by hallucinations, experienced by narcoleptics at sleep onset

nocturnal

active at night (with regard to animals)

nictitating membrane

inner eyelid present in some species, including cats

diurnal

active during the day (with regard to animals)

free-running rhythm

Endogenous rhythm that is expressed when synchronizing stimuli (such

as light) are removed

sleep-onset insomnia

sleep disorder characterised by difficulties in falling asleep

homophone

a speech sound that can be spelled in more than one way

period

the length of time between two occurrences of a rhythmic event

reticular formation

diffuse network of cells extending from the medulla to the midbrain, implicated in arousal

phase shift

the shift in rhythms induced by the appearance of a synchronising stimulus

entrainment

process of synchronising a rhythm to a particular stimulus (such as light)

triazolam

a common modern sleeping pill (a benzodiazepine; also known as Halcion)

raphe

midline brain stem nucleus that secretes serotonin

melatonin

the primary secretion of the pineal gland

tryptophan

metabolic precursor of serotonin

nightmare

frightening dream that causes arousal from REM sleep

zeitgeber

a stimulus that entrains rhythms, usually light

suprachiasmatic nucleus

hypothalamic region that has been demonstrated to contain an important endogenous circadian clock

sleep-maintenance insomnia

Sleep disorder in which there is difficulty in staying asleep

brain explant

Procedure in which some brain tissue is removed and kept alive in a tissue for study in isolation

canarc gene

Name of the gene implicated in narcolepsy in both humans and dogs

unilateral sleep

Sleep pattern in which sleep alternates between the left and right hemispheres, characteristic of porpoises

memory consolidation

process of making permanent memories of recent experiences

sleep cycle

the period of time that includes one bout of SWS and one bout of REM sleep

hypnogen

general term for and endogenous sleep-promoting substance

sleep enuresis

Formal name for bedwetting

sleep recovery

General name for the process of repaying missed sleep

night terror

frightening dreamlike state that wakens sleepers from stages 3 and 4 SWS

encephale isole

experimental preparation in which the brain is transected between the medulla and spinal cord

PCPA

Drug that inhibits the synthesis of serotonin

cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness

pineal gland

gland that secretes melatonin, located in the midline of the brain

PGO waves

EEG pattern that is characteristic of REM sleep; involves large regions of the brain

retinohypothalamic pathway

Fiber tract that conveys light information from the eyes to the SCN

constant conditions

An environment that is unchanging and thus does not contain entraining stimuli (usually refers to constant dimness)

tau mutant

Hamster that was found to have an abnormally short circadian period when allowed to free-run

Clock mutant

Mouse that shows little or no free-running rhythm

ultradian rhythm

General term for a biological rhythm with a period less than 24 hours

implicit memory

form of memory that is evident in performance of tasks, rather than through recall or recognition of stored information

circannual rhythm

General term for a biological rhythm with a period of about 365 days

infradian rhythm

general term for a biological rhythm with a period of more than 24 hours

EEG

technique in which scalp electrodes are used to record the electrical activity of the underlying brain

cerveau isolé

experimental preparation in which the brain is transected at the level of the midbrain

insomnia

general term for an inability to sleep

narcolepsy

disorder characterised by bouts of sudden, intense sleepiness

basal forebrain

diffuse region including the basal ganglia, implicated in the generation of slow-wave sleep

activation synthesis hypothesis

the theory that suggests that dreams are nothing more than an incidental consequence of brain activation during sleep

sudden infant death syndrome

lethal form of sleep apnea that affects infants

EMG

technique in which electrodes are used to record the electrical activity of muscles

REM sleep

sleep stage during which the majority of dreams occur

alpha rhythm

Characteristic EEG component of people that are resting and relaxed, with their eyes closed

sleep spindles

periodic bursts of 12-14 Hz waves that are seen in the EEGs of people in stage 2 SWS

delta waves

very large amplitude, very slow waves that occur during stages 3 and 4 SWS

sleep apnea

slowing or cessation of respiration during sleeping that results in decreased blood oxygen, arousal, and daytime sleepiness due to sleep interruptions