history exam

primary source

first hand account like artifacts, diaries, and letters

secondary source

second-hand account by someone who was not there, which includes Wikipedia, biographies, and textbooks

what was one of Leonardo de Vincis works and the meaning of it

Last supper and the meaning is about when the 12 apostles were learning that 1 of them would betray Jesus.

what was one of Michelangelo's works and the meaning behind it

statue of David, and it is symbolizing independence and strength in the perfect image of youthful beauty

what is parliament

the lawmaking body of England

what religion did Oliver Cromwell follow

Puritanism

What was the primary reason absolute monarchs sought to expand their territories into other kingdoms?

power and wealth

name two political parties that fought in the english civil war

roundheads and cavaliers

what is divine right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

How did Spanish power grow under Charles V and Philip II

Charles was both Holy Roman Emperor that rules Germany and is the Spanish king, so now he controls more lan,d which means more power.

how did france build a centralized monarchy after the wars of religion

Louis XIV and Cardinal Richelieu drafted the Edict of Nntes. which gives louis XIV more power and gave religious freedom to the Hugenots

what were the causes of the thirty years war

religion, politics, reuslts as the peace of westpahlia, it will expand austrian territory and bring peace after the war.

what were some of the goals that Prussia and Austria shared

Prussia and Austrias goals was the wanted to expand western influence

how did peter the great and catherine the great modernize and grow russian power

They made Russia more like Western Europe

describe the concept of absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy is a system of government where they often suppress any religious dissent to maintain their power.

the form of government was single person—usually a king or queen—holds absolute, autocratic power. they had a dictator type of society where the absolute monarch may not be questioned or limited by any written law, legislature, court, economic sanction, religion, custom, or electoral process

how did Oliver Cromwells use of power, specifically in the religious aspect, seem at least as oppressive as an absolute monarch

Closed all theaters and taverns- forced worship on Sundays

Who was the author of the Leviathan, what were the concepts of the work?

Thomas Hobbes suggested in the leviathan that making a strong centralized government with an absolute monarch at its head

what are lockes three main principles of mankind

life, liberty and property

provide an example of censorship

restricting access to ideas and information

what was Voltaire known for

writing the expression freedom of speech

how did Montesquieu influence both the english and American goverments

Montesquieu is well known for placing importance on the separation of powers. He made the three branches executive, legislature, and judiciary

how did mary wollstonecraft pursue equal rights for women

she fought against the government about women's rights and then wrote a book about it

What were the Intolerable Acts?

laws designed to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party

what did jefferson change in Lockes three principles in the declaration of independance

John Locke's principles were life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Jefferson changed them to life liberty and pursuit of happiness because these are things we are born with

how did the articals of confederation lead to the US constitution

Shays Rebellion tells us we have a too loose confederation of states, and we also have a system that does not tax

How are the branches of government checked and balanced under the Constitution?

each branch having the power to limit or influence the actions of the other two

what is popular sovereignty

the idea that political authority belongs to the people

what were the 3 phrases of the french revolution

moderate, radical, and napoleonic stage

Describe each of the Estates General.

clergy was bishops, priests, monks, and nuns. Nobles were the dynastic upper class and then there was the third estate which was everyone else

Which Estate included the bourgeoise?

third estate

Who was Robespierre?

was a French lawyer and politician who was a leader of the French Revolution

What/who were reactionaries?

friends and defenders of the king

What signified the climax of the Moderate Phase of the French Revolution?

storming the bastiel

Why did most of Europe declare war on France during their Revolution?

they feared the spread of revolutionary ideals like democracy and equality

What was the Napoleonic Code and what reforms did it make?

it was a set of laws that established legal equality and property rights

How did the Russians place the French in a difficult position during the Frenchinvasion of Russia?

by using the scorched earth tactic

What eventually caused the downfall of Napoleon?

Invasion of Russia and his army was destroyed from the war

What was Waterloo?

where napoleon was defeat by the seventh coalition led by duke of Wellington

What was the Congress of Vienna?

Restored Europe's political landscape post-French Revolution.

What were land enclosures?

the lords plant shrubs and enclose there land to others

Which natural resources were the most important in industrialization?

coal and iron

What were the positives of the industrial revolution? What were the negatives?

increased economic growth, improved access to goods, and advancements in technology, but also had negative consequences, including poor working conditions, and severe environmental damage

What is Nationalism?

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

What is liberalism?

a political ideology that is based on change and ones personal liberty

Why was Charles X unpopular after he took over as King of France?

he wanted to restore absolute monarchy

What did Louis Phillipe do to live up to his name as "citizen king"?

he vowed to be a king for the people. He acted like a normal person

How did Louis Napoleon win the presidential election in the Second FrenchRepublic?

he was elected by the people

What is universal manhood suffrage?

the right of any man to vote

What did Louis Napoleon do to keep his position of power in the French government?

He aboilished the republic and crowned himself as emperor

What was the first successful slave revolt in the Western Hemisphere?

haitian revolution

What is Mercantilism?

An economic system where the government regulates trade for its benefit at the expense of its rivals.

Who was Simon Bolivar?

A Venezuelan revolutionary leader who won independence for Venezuela and Columbia

Who led the fight for Mexican Independence?

Father Hidalgo

Who was responsible for Brazilian independence?

Prince Dom Pedro

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

Says Latin America must remain independent from European control and the US will make sure this happens

Otto von Bismarck called Germans to work together for unification in whichspeech?

blood and iron speech

What did Camillo Cavour do to unify Italy?

Secured an alliance with France

What made Italian unification especially difficult?

people were more connnected and loyal to their own countries rather than the whole unified Italy

Which German speaking French territories were part of the final piece of thepuzzle for German unification

Lorraine and Alsace

Define Realpolitik

politics based on practical objectives rather than on ideals

What is an ideology?

Your personal world view

What were three Victorian Values?

hard work, respect and charity

Name two of the reforms in the British Great Reform Act of 1832

extending suffrage and elimination of the rotten boroughs

Which two European powers were the most dominant in imperialism

Britain and France

What was the key to European imperialism? Think about what made conqueringoverseas lands easier

Social Darwinism

How did Britain exploit Indian diversity?

they forced them to go against their religion

Who were the Sepoys

Indian soldiers who fought in the British army

How was the British India partnership one-sided

British had gained more territory and control over India but didn't give much back

What was the reason for the Opium War?

the increasing opium trade with the Western powers meant that for the first time, China imported more goods than it exported

Who won the Opium War and what did they get?

Great Britain won the first Opium War. They got Hong Kong Island

Who was responsible for opening Japan to modernization?

Meiji

What was the Meiji Restoration

A Japanese reform movement that returned power to the emperor and embraced western ideas

Explain two reforms the Diet made to Japanese society.

The diet ended class distinctions and provided some education for women still limited to second-class citizens.