A&P Exam 5

UNI Dr. Cline-Brown

What is the space between the pink and yellow sections called?

Central Sulcus

What is the yellow section?

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

What is the pink section called?

Primary Motor Cortex

What is the red section in front of the primary motor cortex?

Premotor cortex

What is highlighted?

Wernicke’s Area

What is highlighted?

Broca’s Area

What lobe is blue?

Frontal

What lobe is green?

Temporal lobe

What lobe is yellow?

parietal lobe

What lobe is red?

occipital lobe

What is the purple area?

Cerebellum

What is the yellow part?

Brainstem

What lobe is highlighted? (HINT: under the temporal lobe)

Insula

What part of the brain is highlighted?

Diecephalon

What is highlighted?

Cerebrum

What is the yellow bulb on top?

Thalamus

What is the purple part?

Midbrain

What is the blue part?

Pons

What is the gray part?

medulla oblongata

Why does brain size increase from infancy to adulthood?

neuron size increases

increased number of neural synapses/connections

increased myelination

increased number of neuroglia

What color is a living brain?

pinky beige

What color is a dead brain?

gray

What are the 4 major parts of the brain

brain stem

diencephalon

cerebrum

cerebellum

What is the function of the brain stem?

controls highly programmed automatic functions needed for survival (Heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)

contains sensory and motor tracts

Sensory tracts

carry sensory info TO cerebral cortex which processes incoming sensory information

Motor tracts

carry motor info FROM cerebrum down to lower parts of the body

What is the function of the diencephalon?

relays sensory info between brain areas

What is the function of the cerebrum?

controls the most mental and physical activities, thinking, movement, and personality

What is the function of the cerebellum?

controls subconscious activity

3 major parts of the brain stem

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Function of the medulla oblongata

most inferior region of the spinal cord

joins with the spinal cord but is wider

has most major sensory and motor tracts

contains pyramids of medulla

regulates vital and non-vital functions

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

cardiovascular and respiratory regulation

descending motor tracts

ascending sensory tracts

origins of cranial nerves (9 through 12)

Pyramids of medulla function

paired white matter structures of medulla oblongata

contain most motor tracts

controls voluntary motor function

decussation of pyramids

extra pyramidal fibers

Extra pyramidal fibers

motor fibers not part of the pyramids

controls semi-conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle functions

What is the danger of increased intracranial pressure?

increasing pressure in the skull puts pressure on the brain stem (medulla oblongata can start malfunctioning)

What is in the pons?

the pontine respiratory centers

major sensory and motor tracts

What is the function of the pons?

unconscious jobs like sleep/wake cycles, breathing regulation, facial expressions

What nerves are involved with the pons?

cranial nerves 3 through 7

What is the most superior part of the brainstem?

midbrain

Cerebral aqueduct

carries cerebrospinal fluid from 3rd and 4th ventricle

Corpora quadrigeinma

superior and inferior collicculi of midbrain

What are the superior corpora quadrigemina colliculi used for?

involuntary visual tracking

What are the inferior corpora quadrigemin colliculi used for?

auditory reflexes

Cerebral peduncles

sensory and motor tracts, white matter

What is in the cerebral peduncles?

2 pairs of substantia nigra and red nuclei

Substantia nigra and red nuclei function

coordination and decreasing unwanted motor functions

What makes up the diencephalon?

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

What does the diencephalon do?

relays sensory info between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the PNS

Thalamus

a yo yo shape

two halves joined by area called intermediate mass of thalamus

the space between is the 3rd ventricle

filled with CSF

different nuclei throughout

receive different types of sensory info

directs this info to appropriate brain areas

What does the medial geniculate body to?

receives incoming auditory info

What does the lateral geniculate body do?

receives incoming visual info

What does the ventral nuclei do?

receives incoming somatic sensory info

Major parts of the thalamus

medial and lateral geniculate bodies

ventral nuclei

Functions of the thalamus

relay station for all incoming sensory information EXCEPT FOR SMELL

Where is the hypothalamus?

below the thalamus

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

regulates body temp

receives information but not sensory

has thirst and hunger centers

regulates hormones from the pituitary

helps regulate day/night cycle

primary regulator of autonomic nervous system

regulates emotions

sexual arousal

What are the 3 Fs + 3 others to remember the functions of the hypothalamus?

Food, Fun, Fuck, and Autonomic NS, temp, sleep

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

Pituitary gland/hypothalamus

master endocrine glands of body

regulates secretion of some hormones

Where is the epithalamus

above the thalamus

What are the 2 regions of the epithalamus

habenular nuclei and pineal gland

Pineal gland functions

part of the endocrine system

produces melatonin when dark (production inhibited by light

Habenular nuclei functions

visceral and emotional responses to smell (MAY be amygdala with research)

What happens with too much melatonin?

increases sleepiness

decreased happiness and libido

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

seasonal depression, partly related to melatonin levels

Why are most people born between March and May?

increased sun (summer) decreases melatonin and increases libido

How can blue light affect your brain?

inhibits melatonin and shifts circadian rhythms

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal

parietal

temporal

insular

occipital

Convolutions

the wrinkles of the brain

Grooves

valleys in the brain

Shallow grooves of the brain

sulcus

Deeper grooves of the brain

fissure

Ridges of the convolutions

gyrus

Longitudinal fissure

the deep fissure going lengthwise down the brain

Central sulcus

the sulcus that goes horizontally across the brain, separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe

transverse fissure

separates the cerebellum and cerebrum

lateral fissure

separates temporal lobe from the other lobes, behind it is the insula lobe

What does the insula lobe do?

processes intensity, quality, and experience value of taste stimuli

Cerebral cortex

outer surface of the brain, gray matter

White matter

myelinated axon

Cerebral nuclei

paired masses of gray matter buried within white matter of the cerebrum

What does the cerebral cortex do?

conscious mind

controls most sensory and motor functions

personality

communication

List the parts of the cerebral cortex (not specific)

motor areas

sensory areas

association areas

multi-module association areas

Motor areas

control voluntary motor function/movement

Parts of the motor association areas

primary motor cortex

pre-motor cortex

broca’s area

frontal eye field

Parts of the sensory cortex/association areas

the 5 senses

Sensory areas

incoming sensory info enters, each of 5 senses have different areas in this region

Association areas

involved with memories

Motor homunculus

mapping of the primary motor cortex

size in this area related to the complexity of motor function

What happens when the motor homunculus is damaged?

motor function on the opposite side of body impaired

Pre-motor cortex function

muscle memory and motor planning

Damage to pre-motor cortex

lose muscle memory

Broca’s area

only on the left side of brain

coordinates motor movements needed for speaking

What happens if the Broca’s area is damaged?

loss of speech

Frontal eye field function

voluntary movement of eyes

What happens if the frontal eye field is damaged?

lose the ability to voluntarily move eyes

Primary sensory areas

RECEIVE and interpret the info, picks up sensation

Sensory association areas

GIVES MEANING to the incoming info

IDs what the sensation is

What is the only lobe that doesn’t have sensory areas?

frontal lobe

Primary somatosensory cortex

receives and interprets incoming somatic sensory info from skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints