Global History - Part III: Islamic world - Enlightenment

caliph

supreme leader of Islam faith

Muhammad

Prophet founded the monotheistic religion in a region full of polytheistic tribes

the end of the Muslim Caliphates

until the fall of the Ottoman Empire (after WWI)

The debate in Islam

debate over the succession of Prophet Muhammed

• Sunnis - The Prophet didn’t name successor. They believe community correctly chose Abu Bakr as the first leader by agreement, and that Ali was the 4th leader.

• Shiites - Leadership belongs only to Muhammad’s family. They believe he directly chose his cousin/son-in-law, Ali, to lead. (the 4th Caliph)

5 Pillars of Islam

1. Faith (Shahada): there is 1 God & Muhammad is His prophet.

2. Prayer (Salah): Praying 5 times a day facing Mecca.

3. Charity (Zakat): Giving a percentage of wealth to the poor.

4. Fasting (Sawm): Not eating/drinking during daylight hours in Ramadan.

5. Pilgrimage (Hajj): Traveling to Mecca once in a lifetime if you are able.

Umayyad Dynasty (661 to 750 C.E.)

• Established monarchy

• Arabic language as official language

• Solidified Arab Islamic identity

Benefits from the Islamic Golden Age (750 to 1258 C.E.) (6)

• Established libraries where ancient texts were converted into Arabic

• oldest university in world founded in Islamic Morocco

• 1st organized hospital founded in Cairo

• Created Arabic numerals (the ones we use today) & Algebra

• Studied astronomy & created ornate mosaics

• Spread Islamic culture throughout the Mediterranean Sea, Silk Road, & Saharan Caravan trade routes, creating a strong sense of Geography

Muslim Commerce contributions (4)

• Trade Routes

• Bazaars

• Banking/Finance

• Spices/Textiles

The reason the Ottoman Empire fell

They sided with Germany in WWI & were defeated

Cause of the Great Schism

The differences between:

• Christianity in Rome (W. Roman Empire) - Roman Catholic

• Christianity in Constantinople (E. Roman Empire) - Greek Orthodox

Code of Justinian

a set of laws that laid the foundation for the Byzantine legal system for nearly 1000 years

Byzantine legacy (4)

• Eastern Orthodox Church

• Art

• Literature

• Architecture

Grand Duchy of Moscow

the emergence of a Russian Empire through conquest and diplomacy

Norman conquest

William, Duke of Normandy invaded England and was crowned King

Feudalism

land granted to nobles in exchange for taxes & military service

serfs

people that worked the land for the nobles in exchange for protection

The Holy Roman Empire (962 - 1806)

• Charlemagne founded

• Pope declared him the first emperor

• Christianity was the only accepted religion

The Crusades

a series of military campaigns between Christians & Muslims over locations deemed holy by both religions, such as the city of Jerusalem

Charlemagne (42 - 814)

• 1st Holy Roman Emperor

• Goal: to unite all of Europe under Christianity

Carolingian Renaissance

a period of artistic and intellectual rebirth in Europe after the Fall of Rome.

Knights Templar

Christian warrior-monks during the Crusades

The 3rd Crusade

Richard I (Eng.) & King Phillip II (Fr.) fought the Muslim Saladin for control of Jerusalem

The Black Death

• mid-14th century

• pandemic spread across Europe

• killed 25 million

3 consequences of the Black Death

1. labor shortages = higher wage

2. Disruption of social systems

3. Religious suffering

The 100 Years War (1337 - 1453)

conflicts between the England & France over territory & the rightful claim to the French throne

Joan of Arc

• a young peasant girl who claimed divine guidance

• inspired the French forces and played a pivotal role in the French victory.

• Her execution by the English, followed by French successes, marked a turning point in the war.

Effects of the 100 Years War (4)

• longbow for archers (Eng.)

• financial struggles (Eng. & Fr.)

• Nationalism (Eng. & Fr.)

• Armies destroyed trade & agriculture = economic decline & social unrest

Mongolian Empire

• united nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe

• created universal language (Mongol)

• regulated messenger posts

Golden Horde

a powerful Mongol kingdom that ruled over Russia & E. Europe for over 200 years

Ilkhanate

a powerful Mongol kingdom that ruled over Persia & the Middle East

Legacy of the Mongols

• cultural exchange between Europe and Asia

• trade

• The Black Death

• Marco Polo's travels gave insight into the Mongol Empire

• caused the Age of Exploration, sparking the desire to establish direct trade routes.

Pax Mongolica

“Mongol Peace”

a period of relative peace & stability across Europe/Asia during 13th &14th centuries

Mughal Empire

• founded by Babur

• Turkish-Mongol origin

• mostly the Indian territory

Akbar the Great (1556-1605)

made the policy of religious tolerance allowed for the coexistence of various religious communities

• blending of regions in aesthetics

• built the Taj Mahal

• Agrarian reforms

Mughal Empire Achievements

Cause of the decline of the Mughal Empire

• costly wars with Persia

• influence of the British East India Company

• Indian Rebellion

The Sepoy Mutiny

Indian Rebellion of 1857

• violent uprising against E.I.C. rule in India that changed the history of the region forever

• against high taxes & forced Christian conversions

• Britain took over rule directly

Yamato period (300 - 710)

• The Ancient Imperial Japanese Empire

• clan ruled over a confederation of tribes/clans that gradually came to dominate the Japanese archipelago

• spread Buddhism

• spread Chinese culture & tech

imperial system of government

one supreme ruler over a variety of provinces and diverse territory

Kofun period (250 - 538)

characterized by the construction of large burial mounds for the ruling elite

Jimmu (660 BCE)

legend - first emperor of Japan ascended the throne

Nara period (710 CE)

development of the central gov’t & Buddhism as state religion

Heian period (794 CE)

The capital of Japan moved to Kyoto

Kamakura period (1185CE)

• Minamoto clan established a military gov’t (shogunate)

• moved capital to Kamakura

Muromachi period (1336 CE)

Ashikaga clan overthrew and new gov’t in Kyoto

daimyos

feudal lords (fighting to control Japan)

Tokugawa shogunate (1600 - 1868 CE)

ended the warring states period and unified Japan

peace for 250 years

limited foreign interactions and trade

Battle of Sekigahara (October 21, 1600)

the most important battle in samurai history, ending generations of civil war and unifying Japan under one ruler

Sakoku policy

closed country limiting foreign interaction & trade

Samurai

highly-skilled & well-educated warrior-nobles in feudal Japan who were responsible for protecting their lords and enforcing their will

bushido

Samurai strict code of honor stressing loyalty, courage, and self-discipline

Humanism

the theme depicting everyday human life

art and education should be embraced into everyday life

Spanish Inquisition (1478–1834)

was a powerful judicial institution established by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms.

Things that led to the decline of the Renaissance (2)

1. territorial wars

2. the inquisition

The Enlightenment

an intellectual movement called the Age of Reason

• questioned authority

  • used logic to improve society

5 ideas of the Enlightenment

1. reason over superstition - scientific method

2. natural rights - life, liberty, and property

3. social contract - gov’t gets power from the people, not God

4. separation of powers - no tyranny

5. religious tolerance

René Descartes (1596–1650)

• "Father of Modern Philosophy

• “I think, therefore I am”

Galileo (1564–1642)

• “Father of modern science”

• used the telescope to PROVE that the Earth revolved around the Sun

• astronomical discoveries

• punished by the Catholic Church (forced to recant & live under house arrest")

Copernicus (1473–1543)

• heliocentric theory, placing the Sun—not the Earth—at the center of the universe

• Feared punishment, so he released it upon his death

English Civil War (1642-1651)

between supporters of K. Charles I (Catholicism) & Parliament (Puritan)

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

• The Problem: It started in Germany when Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window over religious rights.

• The Fighting: It became a massive world war that devastated Europe. It stopped being about religion when Catholic France joined the Protestant side just to weaken rival Catholic countries.

• The Fix: The Peace of Westphalia ended the war, creating the modern rule that countries should mind their own business and not interfere with other nations' borders or religions.

French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)

• The Problem: France was split between a powerful Catholic majority and a growing Protestant minority called Huguenots.

• The Fighting: Both sides fought brutally for control of the French throne, resulting in massacres like St. Bartholomew’s Day.

• The Fix: A Protestant prince became King Henry IV. He converted to Catholicism to keep the peace but passed the Edict of Nantes, giving Protestants freedom to practice.

Huguenots

Calvinist French Protestants

Edict of Nantes

gave limited toleration to Huguenots & helped to stabilize the country for several decades.

Muslim monopoly

Islamic merchants had a dominant role in trade between Middle East & Europe

Factors that encouraged the Age of Exploration (4)

1. economic (trade, resources)

2. competition/nationalism

3. Tech advancement (compass, ship design)

4. Religion (to spread & to escape persecution)

Colonialism

setting up colonies in foreign lands to gain control of the area.

Imperialism

domination of an area to exert political & economic control

Drivers for Colonialism (15/16th centuries) (3)

• mercantilism

• conquest

• Christian conversion

Drivers for Imperialism (17-19th centuries) (3)

• capitalism

• competition

• racial superiority

Darwinism

• all life had evolved into the present state over millions of years. 

• natural forces selected those with physical traits best adapted to their environment. (survival of the fittest)

Social Darwinism

• justified imperialist expansion

• Europeans believed that the white race was dominant & that they needed to conquer the “inferior” people as nature’s way of improving mankind. 

2 main players in the Scramble for Africa

Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor of Germ.)

Jules Ferry (Premier of Fr.)

The Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885)

no single European power could claim Africa

2 African countries that stayed independent

Ethiopia

Liberia

Effects of colonization on Indigenous population (4)

• population decline (diseases = death)

• cultural disruption (language / traditions)

• Exploration of resources

• Exploitation of labor

Scientific Revolution (16 - 18th centuries)

understanding the natural world through observation, experimentation, and the use of reason and mathematics

Scientific Method

• observation

• experimentation

• hypothesis

• verification

Francis Bacon

Invented the scientific method

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

• planetary motion

Sir Issac Newton (1643-1727)

• laws of motion

• gravity

• calculus

• light

Thomas Hobbes

• social contract - people should give up indiv. rights in favor of monarch that would enforce order and give happy

believed in inalienable rights - life, liberty, and property

John Locke

believed in checks and balances - separation of powers

Charles Montesquieu

Francois Voltaire

believed in:

• separation of church and state

• religious freedom

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

believed in direct democracy - all adult males could vote for rep in gov’t

English Revolution (1688)

• aka Glorious Revolution

• English Bill of Rights

• K. James II (Catholic) overthrown by William & Mary (Protestant)

• Parliament power increased, monarch power decreased

The French Revolution (1789-1799)

• K. Louis XVI & Marie Antionette overthrown

• Reign of Terror

• Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

• Ended with Rise of Napoleon

Simon Bolivar

• “The Liberator” (north)

• Venezuelan military & political leader

• freedom 6 S. Amer nations from Spanish rule

Jose de San Martin

• the liberator of the South (Chile and Peru)

• Led army across the Andes to defeat the Spanish