Hum 101 EXAM 3

What is an ontological argument?

An argument from being

Anselm thinks that in order to truly understand what it means for God to exist, he must first believe that God exists. This is expressed in the following quote from his Proslogion: "For I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand. For this I also believe—that unless I believed, I should not understand."?

True

Which of the following best explains Gaunilo's criticism of Anselm's argument?

Guanilo thinks that Anselm's argument goes awry because one could use the same logic to argue for anything's existence. The example he gives is that of a lost island.

Which of the following does Andreas Capallanus cite as being the effects of love?

• It makes a man perform services gracefully for everyone

• It makes a man chaste such that he can hardly think of embracing another woman

•It causes a rough man to become handsome

•It endows a man with nobility of character

• It blesses the proud with humility

For Aquinas, what are the two categories in which things can be known about God?

• The things that human reason can attain.

•The things which are beyond our reasoning ability

For Aquinas, what kind of demonstration is the best kind for proving God's existence?

Aposteriori

Aquinas offers the following summary definition of law in general: "an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated."?

True

For Aquinas, what is human law?

It's the law that's derived for the purpose of having a more particular determination of certain matters, devised by human reason.

For Aquinas, what is natural law?

It's the imprint of the Divine light on human reason by which we are able to discern what is good and what is evil.

For Aquinas, what is eternal law?

It's the governance of the entire universe by divine reason.

Renaissance humanism is an intellectual movement that took an interest in the classical world for the purpose of understanding what it meant to be human.

True

What era of thought does the architecture of St. Peter's Basicalla represent?

Greek

In talking about his preparation to climb Mt. Ventoux, why were none of Petrarch's friends "suitable" to join him?

Because he didn't like their personality traits

Where were the clouds located once Petrarch was on top of the mountain?

Under his feet

To which land did Petrarch "turn his eyes" when he was on top of Mt. Ventoux?

To Italy

When he later reflects on his journey up the mountain, where does Petrarch turn his "inward eye"?

To himself

For Machiavelli, if you are not able to "pamper" the people you have conquered, then what should you do?

Destroy them

Which of the answer choices below are the four principles Machivelli notes are imoprtant for conquering a mixed monarchy? (Note: pick only four)?

• Prevent outside rulers from gaining influence

• Undermine stronger neighbors

•Establish friendly relationships with weaker neighbors

• Establish Colonies

What does Machiavelli note as being a very natural and ordinary thing to do when one has the resources to do so?

Conquer more territory

Who is the author of Utopia?

Thomas More

What are the important differences between Cione's "Madonna and Child in Glory with Saints and Angels" and Bugiardini's "Madonna and Child with St. John"?

the one with the angels puts marry above others and there is a much more devine feeling resonating from it, in st john's there is no devine aspect of marry and she lives in a common place, the only devine part is the halo that baby jesus has.

What are some of the important Renaissance elements of DaVinci's "Mona Lisa"?

The painting is of a normal average human woman, which is what the renaissance focused on, just humans.

What are some of the important Renaissance elements of Carracci's "Bean Eater"?

It is of a man eating a meal, the meal is not special in any way and might even be a meal that a person in one of the lower classes would eat.

What are some of the important Renaissance elements of Michelangelo's "David"?

The statue is of a human man, but it is larger than a man could be, this signifies the power of man. It has no mention of any god.

What are the differences between the 13th century's Westminster Abbey and Notre Dame on the one hand, the 17th century's St. Peter's Basilica? What era of thought does the design of St. Peter's Basilica represent? What does the difference in architecture say about the ideas of their respective eras?

Westminster abbey is located in London, Notre dame located in Paris, St. Peter's Basilica located in Rome.

Westminster and Notre dame have point like structures pointing towards heaven

St. Peter Basilica there is columns, arches, and domes which is apart of ancient greek architecture.

Furthermore, what does the design of most of our state capitols, and U.S. Capitol too, say about what has influenced them, and then also how we are to think of them?

the design of most state capitols and the U.S. Capitol are influenced by classical architecture. They consists of arches, domes, and columns much like St Peter's Basilica. This suggests that these buildings were intended to convey a sense of stability, order, and tradition, and to evoke ideas of democracy, justice, and the rule of law.

What does Anselm believe?

His motto is faith seeking understanding, faith comes first and reason helps deepen understanding. He claims that such a being must exist in reality, because a God that exists only in the mind would not be the greatest conceivable being.

Guanilo "island" criticism?

since it is more excellent not to be in the

understanding alone but to exist both in the

understanding and in reality, for this reason

it must exist.

Guanilo's parallel argument?

1) The lost island is the greatest conceivable island (GCI).

2) There's a difference between something existing in the mind and

it existing in reality.

3) The fool (non-believer) understands the concept of a GCI.

4) Therefore, the concept of a GCI exists in the mind.

5) If GCI exists only in the mind, then there's a greater island than a

GCI.

6) It is not the case that there is something greater than a GCI.

7) Therefore, a GCI does not exist in the mind alone, but also in reality

What is Anselm's Response to Guanilo?

Only God is "that than which nothing greater can be conceived."

This definition applies only to God, not to things like islands, horses, or unicorns.

How does Capellanus define love?

Love is a certain inborn suffering derived from the sight of and excessive mediation upon the beauty of the opposite sex, which causes each one to wish above all things the embraces of the other and by common desire to carry out all of love's precepts in the other's embrace

For Capellanus, what are the effects of love?

Love causes a rough and uncouth man to be distinguished for his handsomeness; it can endow a man even of the humblest birth with nobility of character; it blesses the proud with humility and the man in love becomes accustomed to performing many services gracefully for everyone. Love also adorns a man with the virtue of chastity because he who shines with the light of one love can hardly think of embracing another women.

For Capellanus, what kinds of people are--and are not--suited for love?

Everyone of sound mind who is capable of doing the work of Venus may be wounded by one of love's arrows unless prevented by age, blindness, or excessive.

What is it a problem, according to Aquinas, if all knowledge about God could only be achieved by human reason?

The problem is that only a few people could have it, it would take a very long time to get it because such serious study requires maturity. The human condition is such that owing to the infirmity of our judgement and the perturbing force of imagination there is some admixture of error in most of the investigations of human reason.

Why does Aquinas think that Anselm's argument for God's existence fails?

He says that not everyone who hears this word "God" understands is to signify something than which nothing greater can be thought

What "kind of demonstration" for God's existence is the best kind?

A posteriori this is to argue from what is prior relatively only to us. When an effect is better known to us than its cause, from the effect we proceed to the knowledge of the cause. And from every effect the existence of its proper cause can be demonstrated, so long as its effects are better known to us; because since every depends upon its cause, if the effect exist, the cause must pre-exist.

What are Aquinas's "five ways"?

Argument from motion, argument from causation, argument from contingency, argument from gradation, and argument from design.

How does Martin Luther King, Jr. use Aquinas's theory of law in King's Letter from a Birmingham Jail?

He says that there are tow types of law just and unjust. He says he would first advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to disobey unjust law. He says he would agree with st. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all.