Hesi anatomy review part 2

What minerals are stored in bone?

calcium and phosphorus

what are the two types of bone tissue?

compact (dense) and spongy (cancellous)

Spongy bone contains a

latticework of plates of bone with spaces in between (trabeculae)

Cells that form bone tissue

osteoblasts

Osteocytes

osteoblasts that become fixed in the dense bone matrix and stop dividing but continue to maintain bone tissue

Osteoclasts

break down the bone tissue

Epiphysis

on a long bone; the site of bone growth in length

Diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone

covered by compact bone

has a hollow center called the medullary cavity

Axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, and sternum

Appendicular skeleton

shoulder and hip girdles, and extremities

how many bones in the skull

28

14 facial bones

14 cranial vault bones

How many sections of the vertebral column and what are they?

5

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

(5 fused) sacrum

(4 fused) coccyx

Contractile units of muscle

sarcomere

myofibril

long, rod-shaped organelles that nearly fill the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle cell)

what myofilaments are within contractile proteins?

actin and myosin

actin

thin protein

myosin

thick protein

muscle contraction occurs through the

sliding filament model

what is the sliding filament model?

myosin binds to actin and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere

agonist

muscle that performs a given movement (prime mover)

antagonist

muscle that produces the opposite movement

synergists

muscles that work in cooperation with the agonist

flexors

reduce the angle at a joint

extensors

increase the angle

abductors

draw a limb away from the midline

adductors

return the limb back toward the body

central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

all other nerves in the body, namely cranial nerves and peripheral nerves

peripheral nervous system is divided into the

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

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somatic nervous system

skin, muscles, bones, joints

autonomic nervous system

digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, urination

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

parasympathetic and sympathetic

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

all actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of

nerve impulses over neurons

functional unit of the nervous system

neuron

what are the main parts of a neuron

the cell body, axon and dendrites

dendrites transmit the impulse

toward the cell body

axons transmit the impulse

away from the cell body

afferent neurons transmit impulses

toward the CNS

examples of effector organs

muscles, glands, digestive organs

four major parts of the brain

cerebrum

cerebellum

diencephalon

brainstem

function of cerebrum

sensory interpretation, movement, thinking and personality

function of the cerebellum

responsible for muscle coordination

function of the diencephalon

thalamus- routes incoming sensory info to appropriate part of the cerebrum

hypothalamus- monitors autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

function of brainstem

respiration and heart rate

which layer of the skin undergoes mitosis?

stratum (germinativum) basale

sensory impulses enter the ____ spinal cord

posterior

motor impulses leave through the ____ spinal cord

anterior

where do the nervous and endocrine systems meet?

the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

what governs the pituitary gland?

the hypothalamus

two major groups of hormones are?

steroid and non-steroid hormones

what do steroid hormones do?

enter the target cell and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus

what do non steroid hormones do?

remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually a substance called adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

how do most hormones affect cell activity?

by altering the rate of protein synthesis

hypothalamus attaches to the pituitary gland via the

infundibulum

somatotropin hormone also known as ______ does what?

growth hormone

stimulates growth in all organs

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates secretion of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens in females; stimulates sperm production in males

luteinizing hormone (LH)

triggers ovulation in females; stimulates secretion of testosterone in males

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands; also known as the bonding hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

stimulates retention of water by the kidneys

thyroid gland

secretes thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism, and calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels

parathyroid glands

secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases blood **calcium** levels

adrenal glands

cortex secretes cortisol

medulla secretes adrenaline (intensifies sympathetic response)

pancreas

secretes insulin, which decreases blood glucose levels, and glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels

gonads

ovaries secrete estrogens, which develop and maintain female sexual characteristics and progesterone, which maintains pregnancy; testes secrete testosterone, which develops and maintains male sexual characteristics

what are the hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary

1. oxytocin

2. antidiuretic hormone

what are the tropic hormones (released from anterior lobe of pituitary)?

1. adrenocorticotropic hormone

2. thyroid-stimulating hormone

3. follicle-stimulating hormone

4. luteinizing hormone

5. growth hormone

6. prolactin

what are the tropic hormones?

1. adrenocorticotropic hormone

2. thyroid-stimulating hormone

3. follicle-stimulating hormone

4. luteinizing hormone

name the granular leukocytes

neutrophils

basophils

eosinophils

what do agranular leukocytes do

phagocytosis and production of antibodies

what are the granular leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

what do granular leukocytes do?

antibody production

cellular immune responses

phagocytosis

deoxygenated blood returning from the body is received by the

right atrium

the tricuspid valve is between the

right atrium and the right ventricle

bicuspid valve also known as the ____ is between the

mitral valve; left atrium and left ventricle

pulmonary valve

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic semilunar valve

between the left ventricle and the aorta

what node initiates heart beat?

sinoatrial node

cardiac cycle

period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction

systole

contraction phase

diastole

relaxation phase

what is the structure responsible for the site of exchange of water, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues?

capillaries

these drain blood from the capillaries and send it to veins

venules

walls of arteries are ________ and ________ and carry blood under _____ pressure__

thick, elastic, high pressure

respiratory control center?

medulla oblongata

external respiration

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli

internal respiration

the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells

inhalation requires contraction of the ________

diaphragm

some carbon dioxide is carried on hemoglobin cells but most is converted to bicarbonate ion in the blood via the enzyme _______

carbonic anhydrase

what is a regulator of blood PH?

carbon dioxide

layers of the digestive tract from innermost to outer

mucous membrane

submucous layer

muscular layer

serous layer

accessory organs of the digestive system?

liver, pancreas and gallbladder

mastication

chewing

name the three pairs of salivary glands

1. parotid glands

2. sublingual glands

3. submandibular glands

What enzyme in saliva starts digestion of complex carbohydrates?

amylase

what is secreted in the stomach that unwinds proteins?

hydrochloric acid

what enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?

pepsin