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What minerals are stored in bone?
calcium and phosphorus
what are the two types of bone tissue?
compact (dense) and spongy (cancellous)
Spongy bone contains a
latticework of plates of bone with spaces in between (trabeculae)
Cells that form bone tissue
osteoblasts
Osteocytes
osteoblasts that become fixed in the dense bone matrix and stop dividing but continue to maintain bone tissue
Osteoclasts
break down the bone tissue
Epiphysis
on a long bone; the site of bone growth in length
Diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
covered by compact bone
has a hollow center called the medullary cavity
Axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton
shoulder and hip girdles, and extremities
how many bones in the skull
28
14 facial bones
14 cranial vault bones
How many sections of the vertebral column and what are they?
5
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
(5 fused) sacrum
(4 fused) coccyx
Contractile units of muscle
sarcomere
myofibril
long, rod-shaped organelles that nearly fill the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle cell)
what myofilaments are within contractile proteins?
actin and myosin
actin
thin protein
myosin
thick protein
muscle contraction occurs through the
sliding filament model
what is the sliding filament model?
myosin binds to actin and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere
agonist
muscle that performs a given movement (prime mover)
antagonist
muscle that produces the opposite movement
synergists
muscles that work in cooperation with the agonist
flexors
reduce the angle at a joint
extensors
increase the angle
abductors
draw a limb away from the midline
adductors
return the limb back toward the body
central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
all other nerves in the body, namely cranial nerves and peripheral nerves
peripheral nervous system is divided into the
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
skin, muscles, bones, joints
autonomic nervous system
digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, urination
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic and sympathetic
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
all actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of
nerve impulses over neurons
functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
what are the main parts of a neuron
the cell body, axon and dendrites
dendrites transmit the impulse
toward the cell body
axons transmit the impulse
away from the cell body
afferent neurons transmit impulses
toward the CNS
examples of effector organs
muscles, glands, digestive organs
four major parts of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem
function of cerebrum
sensory interpretation, movement, thinking and personality
function of the cerebellum
responsible for muscle coordination
function of the diencephalon
thalamus- routes incoming sensory info to appropriate part of the cerebrum
hypothalamus- monitors autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
function of brainstem
respiration and heart rate
which layer of the skin undergoes mitosis?
stratum (germinativum) basale
sensory impulses enter the ____ spinal cord
posterior
motor impulses leave through the ____ spinal cord
anterior
where do the nervous and endocrine systems meet?
the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
what governs the pituitary gland?
the hypothalamus
two major groups of hormones are?
steroid and non-steroid hormones
what do steroid hormones do?
enter the target cell and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus
what do non steroid hormones do?
remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually a substance called adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
how do most hormones affect cell activity?
by altering the rate of protein synthesis
hypothalamus attaches to the pituitary gland via the
infundibulum
somatotropin hormone also known as ______ does what?
growth hormone
stimulates growth in all organs
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates secretion of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens in females; stimulates sperm production in males
luteinizing hormone (LH)
triggers ovulation in females; stimulates secretion of testosterone in males
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands; also known as the bonding hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
thyroid gland
secretes thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism, and calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels
parathyroid glands
secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium levels
adrenal glands
cortex secretes cortisol
medulla secretes adrenaline (intensifies sympathetic response)
pancreas
secretes insulin, which decreases blood glucose levels, and glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels
gonads
ovaries secrete estrogens, which develop and maintain female sexual characteristics and progesterone, which maintains pregnancy; testes secrete testosterone, which develops and maintains male sexual characteristics
what are the hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone
what are the tropic hormones (released from anterior lobe of pituitary)?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
growth hormone
prolactin
what are the tropic hormones?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
name the granular leukocytes
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
what do agranular leukocytes do
phagocytosis and production of antibodies
what are the granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
what do granular leukocytes do?
antibody production
cellular immune responses
phagocytosis
deoxygenated blood returning from the body is received by the
right atrium
the tricuspid valve is between the
right atrium and the right ventricle
bicuspid valve also known as the ____ is between the
mitral valve; left atrium and left ventricle
pulmonary valve
between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
aortic semilunar valve
between the left ventricle and the aorta
what node initiates heart beat?
sinoatrial node
cardiac cycle
period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
systole
contraction phase
diastole
relaxation phase
what is the structure responsible for the site of exchange of water, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues?
capillaries
these drain blood from the capillaries and send it to veins
venules
walls of arteries are ________ and ________ and carry blood under _____ pressure__
thick, elastic, high pressure
respiratory control center?
medulla oblongata
external respiration
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
internal respiration
the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells
inhalation requires contraction of the ________
diaphragm
some carbon dioxide is carried on hemoglobin cells but most is converted to bicarbonate ion in the blood via the enzyme _______
carbonic anhydrase
what is a regulator of blood PH?
carbon dioxide
layers of the digestive tract from innermost to outer
mucous membrane
submucous layer
muscular layer
serous layer
accessory organs of the digestive system?
liver, pancreas and gallbladder
mastication
chewing
name the three pairs of salivary glands
parotid glands
sublingual glands
submandibular glands
What enzyme in saliva starts digestion of complex carbohydrates?
amylase
what is secreted in the stomach that unwinds proteins?
hydrochloric acid
what enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?
pepsin
Note
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