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The central nervous system consists of two structures
Brain
Spinal Cord
Frontal lobe location
extends from the frontal pole (most anterior part of brain) back to the central fissure (Rolandic fissure), and downward to lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure).
Parietal Lobe location
bounded anteriorly by the central sulcus, inferiorly by the posterior end of the lateral sulcus, and posteriorly by an imaginary border line from the parieto-occipital sulcus extending to the preoccipital notch.
Extends downward to the temporal lobe from which it also does not have a clear separation.
Temporal Lobe location
underneath the lateral fissure extending forward from the occipital lobe to the frontal lobe.
Occipital Lobe location
at the most posterior portion of the brain.
bordered by the parietal and temporal lobes and extends backward to the occipital pole (most posterior part of the brain).
Frontal lobe function
thinking, planning, & central executive functions
motor execution
Parietal lobe function
somatosensory perception integration of visual & somatic spatial information
Temporal lobe function
language function and auditory perception involved in long term memory and emotion
Occipital lobe function
visual perception and processing
Deine Central sulcus
divides the posterior and anterior (Frontal and Parietal lobe) part of the brain - goes through the motor strip
Define lateral sulcus
divides the frontal and temporal lobes
Define Prefrontal lobe
contributes to complex cognitive functions such as reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, decision making, planning, and pragmatic behaviors
Define Premotor regions of the frontal lobe
This area is located anterior to the primary motor cortex?
Define motor cortex
this area is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body.
Define Third frontal convolution
inferior frontal gyri?
Define Primary sensory cortex
postcentral gyrus?
Define Angular gyrus
lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus
Attributed to reading
Supramarginal gyrus
second prominent gyrus-Brodmann area 40
attributed to writing
Suprior, middle, inferior gyrus
three large horizontal gyri in the frontal lobe (also referred to as first, second, and third frontal convolution)
Difference between a “dominant” and “nondominant” hemisphere
A "dominant" hemisphere refers to the side of the brain that is primarily responsible for a specific function, usually language processing,
The "nondominant" hemisphere is the other side of the brain which takes on more specialized roles like spatial awareness and emotional processing
for most people, the left hemisphere is dominant and the right hemisphere is nondominant, particularly for right-handed individuals.
Language areas are larger!
importance of the corpus callosum to speech and language functions, especially in light of the research conducted with split-brain patients.
The surgery also provided information on the differing psychological functions of each hemisphere and on the role of the corpus callosum in the brain mechanisms for speech and language.
The split-brain patients clearly showed asymmetry for speech and language functions.
The findings suggest that the corpus callosum plays a decisive role in transmitting language heard in the right ear to the left hemisphere.
Language is processed in the dominant hemisphere by the major mechanisms for speech and language.
Three major divisions in the cortical areas
Primary motor projection areas
Primary sensory reception areas
Association areas
Primary function of Primary motor projection areas
voluntary movement patterns are initiated
serves as a source of descending motor pathways, projecting to lower levels of the nervous system
Primary function of Primary sensory reception areas
registers impulses relayed from the periphery to the thalamus and upward to the cortex (ex: Heschl’s gyrus in the superior temporal lobe)
Primary function of Association areas
covers 86% of the cortex
elaborate information received at the primary motor and sensory areas
Adds meaning and significance to the sensory or motor information received in the primary motor or sensory areas
Three main association areas that comprise the association cortex
Prefrontal Cortex (associated with higher cognitive functions like decision-making, planning, and problem-solving)
Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex (involved in integrating sensory information and spatial awareness)
Limbic Association Cortex (related to emotions, memory, and motivation)
Uncinate fasciculus location
white matter tract in the brain that connects the anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal cortex
Occipital-frontal fasciculus location
located in the white matter and passes from the occipital lobe to frontal lobe
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus location
pathway that is located passing from the temporal love to the occipital cortex
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
a while matter tract that connects the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes
Arcuate fasciculus location
white matter tract that connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
Define Calcarine sulcus
a groove located on the occipital lobe of brain that houses the visual cortex
Define cingulate gyrus
a limbic-cortical structure (midsagittal) that has emotional, somatic, and autonomic functions. It begins with the anterior subcallosal area and arches back to the junction with the parahippocampal gyrus
Define Corpus callosum
Massive bundle of axonal fibers that interconnects the cortex of the two cerebral hemispheres
Define fornix
Bundle of nerve fibers that mediates two way connections among hypothalamus, septum, and hippocampus, it's important for respiration, phonation, and digestion
Define hypothalamus
Major diencephalic structure beneath the thalamus that secretes hormones and regulates feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior
Define thalamus
Major diencephalic structure on either side of the third ventricle that is important in sensorimotor integration and projection to the cortex
Define septum
(septum pellucidum) thin membrane that divides the lateral ventricles
Limbic system location
part of the cortex that is located on the medial surfaces of the two hemispheres. It is shaped in an arch-like way, and is surrounded by non convoluted central portions.
Primary function of limbic system
responsible for the rhinencephalon, or also called the smell brain.
Three main parts of the basal ganglia -referred to as the striatum
Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Primary function of the basal ganglia
help regulate and control motor movements and muscle tone
Primary function of cerebellum
provides fine coordination to the movements of the body and appears to play a particularly key role in coordinating the extremely rapid and precise movements needed for the normal articulation of speech
Location of medulla oblongata
It is a rounded bulge that is an enlargement of the upper spinal cord. It contains descending tracts plus the nuclei of several of the nerves
Function of medulla oblongata
control phonation, velopharyngeal closure, swallowing and articulation
extremely important for the control of speech production
Pons location
Lies just above the medulla in the neuraxis. It is a massive round structure that serves in part as a connection to the hemispheres of the cerebellum. Bridge to the cerebellum.
Mesencephalon (midbrain) location
It is located above the pons, and it is the “narrowest” part of the brainstem.
The inferior colliculi serve as way stations in the central auditory nervous system, and the superior colliculi are way stations in the visual nervous system.
The base of the midbrain also contains the substantia nigra
Function of mesencephalon
plays a key role in motor control by sending dopaminergic efferent fibers to the striatum
Location of diencephalon
a double oval structure located above the midbrain, is made up of two structures, the thalamus and the hypothalamus, and is almost completely hidden from the surface of the brain
Function of diencephalon
The thalamus integrates sensation in the nervous system, the hypothalamus forms part of the third ventricle.
Location of the reticular system
Running throughout the entire length of the brain stem is a diffuse mass of gray matter called the reticular activating system.
Net-like structure.
Comprised of a small group of reticular formation neurons
Function of reticular system
plays a role in consciousness
the sleep/wake system
