SS I - The Red Scare
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37 Terms
What was the Red Scare?
Palmer’s crackdown on real and imagined subversives, eroding civil liberties
Which global event intensified fears of radicalism in the U.S.?
The Russian Revolution of October 1917
Who led the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia?
Communist leaders of the Bolsheviks
What was the Bolsheviks’ pledge after seizing control in Russia?
To export the workers’ revolution worldwide
Which U.S. laws were passed to limit speech critical of government or war effort?
Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918)
Who signed the Espionage and Sedition Acts?
President Woodrow Wilson
What domestic terrorist attacks occurred in 1919?
Bombs sent to officials, including mayors and senators
When was Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson sent a bomb?
April 28, 1919
Did Ole Hanson’s bomb detonate?
No
Who was severely injured by a bomb sent to former Senator Thomas Hardwick?
His maid was maimed and his wife injured
How many bombs were prevented from reaching their targets by a postal official?
Thirty-four
Which left-wing holidays saw violence and rioting in 1919?
May Day parades
Which Attorney General was targeted by a failed dynamite attack?
A. Mitchell Palmer
Who discovered the damage from the dynamite attack on Palmer’s home?
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy
How much funding did Congress provide Palmer to combat domestic terrorism?
$500,000
What special division did Palmer create to fight radicals?
General Intelligence Division (GID) within the Bureau of Investigation (BOI)
Who did Palmer appoint to lead the GID?
J. Edgar Hoover
What later agency did the GID become?
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1924
What methods did Hoover and the GID use to monitor radicals?
Infiltrated organizations, recruited informants, unprecedented surveillance
How many intelligence cards did the GID file system amass?
200,000
When did Palmer intensify anti-radical raids?
November 1919 to January 1920
How many suspected subversives were arrested during this period?
Nearly 2,000
Which organization’s headquarters was raided on November 7, 1919?
Union of Russian Workers in New York City
How many individuals were arrested in the Palmer Raids?
Over 500
What was the purpose of the Palmer Raids according to Palmer?
To “clean up the country [by] tearing out the radical seeds”
What happened to foreign-born radicals arrested during the raids?
Immediate deportation
How many suspected subversives, including Emma Goldman, were deported to Soviet Russia?
249
When were these subversives deported?
December 21, 1919
How many arrests did bureau agents make in thirty-three cities in January 1920?
Over 4,000
What term did Palmer use for all radicals?
“Reds”
Which groups did Palmer include under “Reds”?
IWW, radical socialists, anarchists, anti-union agitators, moral perverts, neurasthenic women
How did Palmer promote the Red Scare to the public?
Newspapers with articles and cartoons warning about radicals
How did Wilson’s stroke affect Palmer’s power?
It allowed Palmer to exercise extraordinary authority over civil liberties
What constitutional acts were zealously enforced during this period?
Espionage Act and Sedition Act
What Supreme Court cases in 1919 involved free speech issues?
Three significant cases involving the First Amendment
What is pictured in the section caption on Ellis Island?
Men arrested in raids awaiting deportation hearings on January 13, 1920
Which Supreme Court Justice is pictured in this section?
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.