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Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage where the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
Association
A mental connection or link between two concepts or events that frequently occur together.
Associative learning
A learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus. This includes classical and operant conditioning.
Behavioral perspective
A theoretical approach in psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned, emphasizing the influence of the environment and reinforcement.
Biological preparedness
The concept that organisms are predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli more easily than others due to evolutionary factors.
Classical conditioning
A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Conditioned response (CR)
The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been conditioned.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Continuous reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement where every correct response is reinforced.
Counterconditioning
A technique used to change the emotional response to a stimulus by pairing it with a new, positive response.
Cognitive maps
Mental representations of the layout of an environment, used in navigation and spatial understanding.
Extinction
In classical conditioning, the process by which the conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Fixed interval
A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a fixed amount of time has passed, regardless of the number of responses.
Fixed ratio
A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a fixed number of responses.
Habituation
A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, indicating a form of learning where an organism becomes accustomed to a stimulus.
Higher-order conditioning
A process where a conditioned stimulus is used to condition a new stimulus, creating a second-order conditioned response.
Instinctive drift
The tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to its natural, instinctual patterns even after conditioning.
Insight learning
Learning that occurs through a sudden understanding or realization of a problem's solution, rather than through trial and error.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated in behavior until there is a reason to do so.
Law of Effect
A principle proposed by Edward Thorndike stating that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by discomfort are less likely to be repeated.
Learned helplessness
A condition in which an organism learns to accept and endure unpleasant stimuli or circumstances because it has learned that it cannot change the situation.
Modeling
A process of learning where an individual acquires new behaviors or skills by observing and imitating others. This can be a part of social learning theory, where people learn by watching the actions and consequences faced by others.
Negative punishment
The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Negative reinforcement
The removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
One-trial conditioning
A form of classical conditioning where a single pairing of a stimulus and response is sufficient to create a conditioned response.
One-trial learning
Learning that occurs after just one exposure or experience with a particular stimulus or event, often used interchangeably with one-trial conditioning.
Operant conditioning
A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences such as rewards or punishments.
Partial reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given only some of the time after a response.
Primary reinforcers
Stimuli that are inherently reinforcing because they fulfill a basic biological need (e.g., food, water).
Positive punishment
The addition of an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement
The addition of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Punishment
A concept in operant conditioning used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. It can be positive (adding an aversive consequence) or negative (removing a pleasant stimulus) to reduce undesired behaviors.
Reinforcement
Any consequence that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Reinforcement discrimination
The ability to distinguish between different situations where reinforcement is provided.
Reinforcement generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the original stimulus that was reinforced.
Reinforcement schedules
Different patterns or rules for delivering reinforcement, including continuous and partial schedules.
Scalloped graph
A type of graph showing the pattern of responses over time in a fixed interval reinforcement schedule, characterized by a gradual increase in response rate just before reinforcement.
Secondary reinforcers
Stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers (e.g., money, praise).
Shaping
A technique in operant conditioning where successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced until the final behavior is achieved.
Social learning theory
The theory that people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling, proposed by Albert Bandura.
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.
Stimulus discrimination
The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond differently to them based on their association with reinforcement or punishment.
Stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
Superstitious behavior
Behavior that is mistakenly believed to be caused by a particular stimulus or event due to coincidental reinforcement.
Taste aversion
A type of classical conditioning where an organism develops a strong dislike for a food or drink after a single negative experience with it.
Unconditioned response (UCR)
The natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.
Variable interval
A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after varying amounts of time, making the timing of reinforcement unpredictable.
Variable ratio
A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a varying number of responses, making the reinforcement unpredictable.
Vicarious conditioning
Learning that occurs through observing the emotional reactions of others to stimuli or events.
