Biolofy Exam Semester 1

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Biology

9th

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131 Terms

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prokaryote
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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eukaryote
organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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control
In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison
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control trial
measures the performance of one set of task components in the absence of another set of task components to isolate the effects of the included components on performance.
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slope
rise/ run (y2-y1/x2-x1)
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suspension
a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time
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solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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product
a substance that forms in a chemical reaction
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reactant
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
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solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
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solute
the substance that is dissolved
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exothermic
releases energy, heat
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endothermic
absorbs energy, heat
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catabolic
breaking down (cats destroy)
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anabolic
building up, creating
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atomic number
number of protons
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atomic mass
number of protons and neutrons
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protons
positive charge
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neutrons
neutral charge
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electrons
negative charge
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ions
positively and negatively charged atoms
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ionic bonds
transfer of electrons
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polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons
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nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
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hydrogen bonds
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
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monomers
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
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structure of proteins
amino acids
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function of proteins
growth and repair
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examples of proteins
enzymes and antibodies
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structure of carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
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function of carbohydrates
provide energy
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examples of carbohydrates
sugars, starches, chitin, glycogen, cellulose, glucose
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function of starch
energy storage in plants
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function of glycogen
energy storage in animals
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function of cellulose
provides support to plant cell walls
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function of chitin
provides structure to fungal cell walls, exoskeleton
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function of glucose
quick energy
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structure of lipids
long fatty acids attached together to make long chains
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function of lipids
long term energy storage
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examples of lipids
fats, oils, waxes, steroids
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hydrophobic
water hating
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hydrophilic
water loving
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are lipids hydrophilic?
no
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structure of nucleic acids
nucleotides
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function of nucleic acids
store genetic information
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examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
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cohesion
an attraction between molecules of the same substance
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adhesion
attraction between molecules of different substances
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surface tension
the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface
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high heat of vaporization
many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate
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high specific heat
the ability of water to resist changes in temperature
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is frozen water less dense than liquid water?
yes
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is water a good solvent?
yes
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what are found in all cells?
ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, DNA
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structure of plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer
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function of plasma membrane
to regulate what goes into and out of the cell
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function of nucleus
contains DNA
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function of ribosomes
make proteins
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function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
protein synthesis
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function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis
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function of the golgi apparatus
modify, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
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function of the central vacuole
stores water
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function of the mitochondria
cellular respiration and atp synthesis
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function of chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis
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structure of cell wall
made of cellulose
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function of the cell wall
protects and supports the cell
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function of nucleoid
contains DNA
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function of flagella
movement
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function of pili
attachment (like suction cups)
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function of capsule
protection
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structure of the cytoskeleton
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
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function of the cytoskeleton
helps a cell keep its shape
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endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
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endosymbiotic theory
theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
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function of cholesterol
maintains membrane fluidity
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function of a phospholipid
make up the cell membrane
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integral proteins
penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
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function of integral proteins
transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
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peripheral proteins
bound to the surface of the membrane
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function of peripheral proteins
enzymes, motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction, cell-to-cell connections
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glycoproteins
proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
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function of glycoproteins
cell recognition
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glycolipids
carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids
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function of glycolipids
cell recognition
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Why do phospholipids form a bilayer?
Hydrophilic heads attracted by water so are on the outsideHydrophobic tails repel water so point inwards
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what does it mean that the phospholipid bilayer is flexible?
molecules can easily slide past and change position in the membrane
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what does it mean that the phospholipid bilayer is fluid?
with the help of cholesterol, the membrane can move and even stretch
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fluid mosaic model
model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
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passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell from a high to low concentration
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simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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facilitated diffusion
process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels
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osmosis
diffusion of water
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hypertonic
having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
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hypotonic
having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
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isotonic
having the same solute concentration as another solution.
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semipermeable membrane
a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
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active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy from a low to high concentration
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structure of enzymes
made of proteins
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function of enzymes
increase the rate at which a reaction occurs by lowering the activation energy and provides a place for reactions to happen
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substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction