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Hunter gatherers
Earliest humans that live in small groups and foraged for food and hunted animals for meat
Hierarchy
An organization in which certain people/groups are ranked higher or lower
Civilization
A human society based in cities and possesses specialists
Specialists
Skilled workers who advance technology and government and economic exchange
Diffusion
The spread of a society and ideas
Agriculture
The farming of crops off of land
Religion
The worship of superhuman powers like gods and the creation of rituals to secure divine fate
Polytheism
Worshipping multiple gods
Artisans
Turn raw goods into finished goods
Raw goods
Wood or metal
Finished goods
Farming tools, furniture, or weapons
Trade
Exchanging goods produced in one city in exchange for goods produced in another city
Economy
The harvesting of raw materials, making of finished goods, and the exchange of goods
Warriors
Protect the city
Infantry
Soldiers that fought on foot
Cavalry
soldiers who fought on horseback
Government
An institute to keep a large group of people in order
Governance
The government's work
Laws
Rules enforced by the state
King
The main ruler of a empire/city/state (catch all term)
Classes
Different sub groups within human societies
Slaves
People denied of equality and forced to work for others
Interstate anarchy
The absence of any world government to govern a state
Small states
City state
Medium state
Ex: japan and germany
Large states
Ex: china
culture
What makes people unique
People groups
People bound together by a common culture
Empire
A state that rules and exploits many conquered states
Tributary system
Conquered states retained substantial independence as long as they paid tribute to the empire
Capitol city
An urban center that houses the offices of the government
Provinces
Territorial divisions within the empire
Governors
Administered provinces and were appointed by the monarch
Direct taxes
Systematic payments from the citizens based on their income, property, or per person
Indirect taxes
From people taking particular actions that bolsters the empires funds
Trade duty
Indirect tax Paid by merchants whenever they brought finished goods to the empire
Coinage
Round disks made of metals which are used as payments
Standing armies
Permanent full time warriors
King of kings
Persian ruler
Zoroastrianism
A dualistic religion honoring one god of ;ought- Ahura Mazda- and opposed the god of darkness- Angra Manyu
Magi
Zoroastrian priests
Abraham
Distant ancestor of Israelites
Covenant
Sacred deal with god created by Abraham
Moses
A prophet
Judaism
First monotheistic religion
Torah
Holy book of Judaism
Jerusalem
the holiest city of the Jews; capital of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and then June
Diaspora
The spread of Jews
Rabbis
Priests of Jews
Olive oil and wine
Staple goods of Mediterranean
Barbarians
Greek term for foreign people
City state
Government dominated by a single city
Philosophy
Love of wisdom
Plato
A philosopher who dealt with understanding the universe Created the idea of ideal types
Aristotle
Student of Plato Dealt with categorizing the physical realities of the world
Monarchs
Government with one ruler
Aristocracy
Government ruled by a few people
Democracy
Ruled by many
Tyranny
Selfish monarchy
Oligarchy
Selfish aristocracy
Patricians
Upper class of Rome
Plebeians
Lower class of Rome
Republic
Mixed government types or create an ideal government
Dictator
A powerful but temporary monarchical figures that rule rome until an emergency had passed
The senate
A group of important Roman's who voted on the motions being made
Civil wars
Wars fought between competing factions within a state
Emperor
The highest possible ranks ruler could hold
Romanization
The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.
Religious persecution
the use of discrimination or violence by a state against a religious minority, for their nonconformity
Aqueducts
Vast stone structures that carried water
Christianity
A monotheistic religion based on the New Testament founded by Jesus
Paul of tarsus
spread Christianity to the Roman world
Council of Nicaea
A meeting of bishops
Bishops
The most senior of the Christian priests
Patriarchs
Five people who administered the Christian church in the Roman Empire
Pope
Head of the church
Constantinople
Created by Constantine near the Persian empire
Vedic age
A historical period in India named after the vedas
Vedas
Only historical text that tell us about the Vedic age
Vedic India had two systems...
Varna- class Jati- caste
Varna had what five classes
Brahmin- priests Kshatriya- warriors Vaishya- traders and artisans Shudra- peasants and laborers Untouchables- social outcasts
Caste system
Created in India that has different class levels for people
Atman
Spirit/soul in all living creatures
Karma
Atman got it by performing well in their given life role
Upanishads
Epics which criticized the Vedic world
Buddhism
Helps people to reach Nirvana/enlightenment
Four noble truths
Life is filled with suffering Suffering comes from desire One must get rid of desire to end suffering The 8 fold path is how you get rid of suffering
Eight fold path
Encourages a ;ifest;e that lends itself to meditation for enlightenment
Two branches of Buddhism
Theravada and Mahayana
Theravada Buddhism
Placed little emphasis o gods but was very conservative
Mahayana Buddhism
Progressive side of Buddhism that encourage the reliance on monks
Bodhisattvas
Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation
Stupas
Buddhist shrines
Hinduism
A direct successor of the Vedic religion Had three prominent gods; Vishnu, shiva, and shakti
Vishnu
The preserver and savior figure
Shiva
The destroyer who creates and destroys
Shakti
wife of Shiva and warrior goddess of death
Dharma (Hinduism)
Obedience to the religious rules
Kama
Seeing social, physical, and sexual pleasure as good
Artha
The pursuit of money and prosperity
Note
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