APWH SET

Hunter gatherers

Earliest humans that live in small groups and foraged for food and hunted animals for meat

Hierarchy

An organization in which certain people/groups are ranked higher or lower

Civilization

A human society based in cities and possesses specialists

Specialists

Skilled workers who advance technology and government and economic exchange

Diffusion

The spread of a society and ideas

Agriculture

The farming of crops off of land

Religion

The worship of superhuman powers like gods and the creation of rituals to secure divine fate

Polytheism

Worshipping multiple gods

Artisans

Turn raw goods into finished goods

Raw goods

Wood or metal

Finished goods

Farming tools, furniture, or weapons

Trade

Exchanging goods produced in one city in exchange for goods produced in another city

Economy

The harvesting of raw materials, making of finished goods, and the exchange of goods

Warriors

Protect the city

Infantry

Soldiers that fought on foot

Cavalry

soldiers who fought on horseback

Government

An institute to keep a large group of people in order

Governance

The government's work

Laws

Rules enforced by the state

King

The main ruler of a empire/city/state (catch all term)

Classes

Different sub groups within human societies

Slaves

People denied of equality and forced to work for others

Interstate anarchy

The absence of any world government to govern a state

Small states

City state

Medium state

Ex: japan and germany

Large states

Ex: china

culture

What makes people unique

People groups

People bound together by a common culture

Empire

A state that rules and exploits many conquered states

Tributary system

Conquered states retained substantial independence as long as they paid tribute to the empire

Capitol city

An urban center that houses the offices of the government

Provinces

Territorial divisions within the empire

Governors

Administered provinces and were appointed by the monarch

Direct taxes

Systematic payments from the citizens based on their income, property, or per person

Indirect taxes

From people taking particular actions that bolsters the empires funds

Trade duty

Indirect tax
Paid by merchants whenever they brought finished goods to the empire

Coinage

Round disks made of metals which are used as payments

Standing armies

Permanent full time warriors

King of kings

Persian ruler

Zoroastrianism

A dualistic religion honoring one god of ;ought- Ahura Mazda- and opposed the god of darkness- Angra Manyu

Magi

Zoroastrian priests

Abraham

Distant ancestor of Israelites

Covenant

Sacred deal with god created by Abraham

Moses

A prophet

Judaism

First monotheistic religion

Torah

Holy book of Judaism

Jerusalem

the holiest city of the Jews; capital of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and then June

Diaspora

The spread of Jews

Rabbis

Priests of Jews

Olive oil and wine

Staple goods of Mediterranean

Barbarians

Greek term for foreign people

City state

Government dominated by a single city

Philosophy

Love of wisdom

Plato

A philosopher who dealt with understanding the universe
Created the idea of ideal types

Aristotle

Student of Plato
Dealt with categorizing the physical realities of the world

Monarchs

Government with one ruler

Aristocracy

Government ruled by a few people

Democracy

Ruled by many

Tyranny

Selfish monarchy

Oligarchy

Selfish aristocracy

Patricians

Upper class of Rome

Plebeians

Lower class of Rome

Republic

Mixed government types or create an ideal government

Dictator

A powerful but temporary monarchical figures that rule rome until an emergency had passed

The senate

A group of important Roman's who voted on the motions being made

Civil wars

Wars fought between competing factions within a state

Emperor

The highest possible ranks ruler could hold

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.

Religious persecution

the use of discrimination or violence by a state against a religious minority, for their nonconformity

Aqueducts

Vast stone structures that carried water

Christianity

A monotheistic religion based on the New Testament founded by Jesus

Paul of tarsus

spread Christianity to the Roman world

Council of Nicaea

A meeting of bishops

Bishops

The most senior of the Christian priests

Patriarchs

Five people who administered the Christian church in the Roman Empire

Pope

Head of the church

Constantinople

Created by Constantine near the Persian empire

Vedic age

A historical period in India named after the vedas

Vedas

Only historical text that tell us about the Vedic age

Vedic India had two systems...

Varna- class
Jati- caste

Varna had what five classes

Brahmin- priests
Kshatriya- warriors
Vaishya- traders and artisans
Shudra- peasants and laborers
Untouchables- social outcasts

Caste system

Created in India that has different class levels for people

Atman

Spirit/soul in all living creatures

Karma

Atman got it by performing well in their given life role

Upanishads

Epics which criticized the Vedic world

Buddhism

Helps people to reach Nirvana/enlightenment

Four noble truths

Life is filled with suffering
Suffering comes from desire
One must get rid of desire to end suffering
The 8 fold path is how you get rid of suffering

Eight fold path

Encourages a ;ifest;e that lends itself to meditation for enlightenment

Two branches of Buddhism

Theravada and Mahayana

Theravada Buddhism

Placed little emphasis o gods but was very conservative

Mahayana Buddhism

Progressive side of Buddhism that encourage the reliance on monks

Bodhisattvas

Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation

Stupas

Buddhist shrines

Hinduism

A direct successor of the Vedic religion
Had three prominent gods; Vishnu, shiva, and shakti

Vishnu

The preserver and savior figure

Shiva

The destroyer who creates and destroys

Shakti

wife of Shiva and warrior goddess of death

Dharma (Hinduism)

Obedience to the religious rules

Kama

Seeing social, physical, and sexual pleasure as good

Artha

The pursuit of money and prosperity