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Bullish
A stock market condition characterized by rising share prices.
Bearish
A stock market condition characterized by falling share prices.
Fed
Stands for Federal Reserve, which is the central bank of the United States.
Interest rate
A percentage that shows how much money you pay to borrow or how much you earn from saving.
Interest rate cut
When a central bank lowers its benchmark interest rate to make borrowing cheaper.
Shares
Ownership units in a company; also known as stocks.
IPO
Initial Public Offering; the process by which a private company offers its shares to the public for the first time.
CEO
Chief Executive Officer; the highest-ranking executive in a company.
Inflation
The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises.
Unicorn
A startup company that is valued at $1 billion or more.
Debt
The sum of money that is borrowed and is to be returned along with interest.
Debt recovery
The process of making people or companies pay the money they owe.
Departments
Sections of a university that teach specific subjects.
Faculty
The teaching staff at a university who educate students and conduct research.
ETCS
European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System; a standard system used in European higher education.
Diploma Supplement
An official document providing detailed information about a student's qualifications.
Mobility
The ability of students to move between different educational institutions to pursue their studies.
Employability
The skills and qualities that make a person attractive to potential employers.
Competitiveness
How well someone or something can compete with others.
Course
A subject offered at a university or college.
Syllabus
A document outlining the contents and structure of a course.
Lecturer
An instructor or teacher at a university.
Department of Accounting
A section of a university dedicated to teaching accounting.
Curriculum
The formal courses of study offered by a school or university.
Seminar paper
A research paper typically written for a seminar course.
Master's degree
An advanced academic degree awarded after a bachelor's degree.
Dean
The head of a department or college within a university.
Submit a paper
To hand in an academic paper for evaluation.
Faculty
Teaching staff at a university.
Apply for an exam
To register or enroll in an exam.
PhD
A Doctor of Philosophy degree, the highest academic degree.
Class attendance
The act of being present during scheduled classes.
Freshman
A student in their first year of college or university.
Undergraduate program
A program of study leading to a bachelor's degree.
Full-time student
A student enrolled in a program with a full course load.
Fail an exam
To not achieve a passing score on an examination.
Graduate program
A program of study leading to a master's or doctoral degree.
Final exam
The last examination in a course, often comprehensive.
Graduate with a major in
To complete a degree specializing in a specific subject.
Enroll on a course
To officially register for a course.
Student Administration Office
The office that manages student records and administrative tasks.
Head of Department
The academic leader of a specific department within a university.
Part-time student
A student who is enrolled in fewer courses than a full-time student.
Postgraduate program
A program of study pursued after obtaining a bachelor's degree.
Graduate in economics
To complete a degree specializing in economics.
Major
The primary focus or area of study for a degree.
Department
A division within a university focused on a particular discipline.
Core course
A required course that all students in a program must take.
Non-core course
An elective course that students can choose to take.
Preliminary exam
A test given midway through a semester.
Bachelor's degree
An undergraduate degree typically requiring 3 or 4 years of study.
Master's degree
An advanced academic degree requiring a minimum of 5 years of study.
Doctor's degree
An advanced academic degree, also known as a PhD, requiring a minimum of 8 years of study.
Economic
Relating to the economy, finances, or production and consumption systems.
Economize
To reduce spending or save money.
Economical
Efficient in using resources, such as money or energy.
Economics
The study of resource production, distribution, and consumption in societies.
Economist
A person who studies or has expertise in economics.
Economy
The system of production, trade, and consumption of goods and services.
Consumer goods
Products made for consumers to buy and use.
Gravitate
To be naturally attracted to something.
Labour costs
Expenses a business pays for employee work, including wages and benefits.
Rust-belt
An area in the U.S. known for declining heavy industries.
Rivals
Competitors that vie for the same customers.
Retrain
To teach someone new skills for a different job.
Outsourcing
Hiring another company to handle parts of a business task to save costs.
Relocate
To move a business to a new location.
Counterpart
A person or thing with a similar role in a different context.
A fraction of salary
A small part or portion of one’s income.
Privatization
The process of transferring ownership of a public service to private entities.
Taxpayer
People or businesses that pay taxes to the government.
Income tax
The money paid to the government based on income earned.
Declare tax
To report income and taxes owed to the government.
File a tax return
To submit a report detailing income and tax owed to the government.
Tax authorities
Government agencies responsible for tax collection.
Progressive tax
A tax system where higher earners pay a larger percentage of their income.
Regressive tax
A tax system where low-income earners pay a larger percentage of their income.
Proportional tax
A tax where everyone pays the same percentage regardless of income.
Direct tax
A tax paid directly to the government.
Indirect tax
A tax on goods or services paid at the time of purchase.
Value-added tax
A type of indirect tax added to the price of goods.
Personal income tax
Tax on income earned by individuals.
Corporate income tax
Tax on corporate profits.
Excise taxes
Taxes on specific goods, such as alcohol and tobacco.
Inheritance tax
Tax on assets inherited by an individual.
Transfer tax
Tax applied to the transfer of property or assets.
Social security contributions
Payments made to support social insurance programs.
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