Cardiovascular System Test

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70 Terms

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A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

  • The heart pumps blood
  • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
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Functions of the cardiovascular system

Transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells

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Heart size and location

  • Size of a human fist, weighing less than a pound
  • Located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum
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Orientation

  • Apex is directed toward left hip and rests on the diaphragm
  • Base points toward right shoulder
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Pericardium

a double-walled sac

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Fibrous pericardium

is loose and superficial

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Serous membrane

is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers

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Parietal pericardium:

  1. outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
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Visceral pericardium:

  1. next to heart; also known as the epicardium
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Serous fluid fills

the space between the layers of pericardium, called the pericardial cavity

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Epicardium

  • Outside layer; the visceral pericardium
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Myocardium

  • Middle layer
  • Mostly cardiac muscle
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Endocardium

  • Inner layer known as endothelium
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Atria (right and left)

  • Receiving chambers
  • Assist with filling the ventricles
  • Blood enters under low pressure
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Ventricles (right and left)

  • Discharging chambers
  • Thick-walled pumps of the heart
  • During contraction, blood is propelled into circulation
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Interatrial septum

  • Separates the two atria longitudinally
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Interventricular septum

Separates the two ventricles longitudinally

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Heart functions as a double pump

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart
  • Veins carry blood toward the heart
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Double pump

  • Right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump
  • Left side works as the systemic circuit pump
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Pulmonary circulation

  • Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
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Blood is pumped…

 out of right side through the pulmonary trunk, which splits into pulmonary arteries and takes oxygen-poor blood to lungs

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Oxygen-rich blood returns…

  • to the heart from the lungs via pulmonary veins
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Systemic circulation

Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out into the aorta

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Blood circulates to

  • systemic arteries and to all body tissues
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Left ventricle has thicker walls because…

  • it pumps blood to the body through the systemic circuit
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Oxygen-poor blood returns to…

  • the right atrium via systemic veins, which empty blood into the superior or inferior vena cava
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Heart Valves

  • Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow
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Atrioventricular (AV) valves

  • —between atria and ventricles
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Left AV valve:

bicuspid (mitral) valve

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Right AV valve:

tricuspid valve

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Semilunar valves

  • —between ventricle and artery
    • Pulmonary semilunar valve
    • Aortic semilunar valve
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AV valves

  • Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to the walls of the ventricles
  • Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the chambers
  • Closed during ventricular contraction
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Semilunar valves

  • Closed during heart relaxation 
  • Open during ventricular contraction
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Valves open and close in response…

  • to pressure changes in the heart
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Blood in the heart chambers…

  • does not nourish the myocardium
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The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of:

  • coronary arteries
  • cardiac veins
  • coronary veins
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Coronary arteries

  • —branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
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Cardiac veins

  • drain the myocardium of blood
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Coronary sinus

a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins

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Blood empties into…

  • the right atrium via the coronary sinus
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Two systems regulate heart activity

  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system
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Atrioventricular (AV) node is…

  • at the junction of the atria and ventricles
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Tachycardia

rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

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Tunica intima forms a friction-reducing lining

Endothelium

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Tunica externa forms protective outermost covering

  • Mostly fibrous connective tissue
  • Supports and protects the vessel
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Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system does

  • Sets the heart rhythm
  • Composed of special nervous tissue
  • Ensures heart muscle depolarization in one direction only (atria to ventricles)
  • Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute
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Sinoatrial( SA) node

  • Located in the right atrium
  • Serves as the heart’s pacemaker
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Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) and bundle branches

  • are in the interventricular septum
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Purkinje fibers spread

  • within the ventricle wall muscles
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The sinoatrial node (SA node)

  • starts each heartbeat
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Impulse spreads

through the atria to the AV node

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Atria

  • contract
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At the AV node,

the impulse is delayed briefly

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Impulse travels

  • through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
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Ventricles contract

  • blood is ejected from the heart
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Bradycardia

  • low heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes
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The cardiac cycle refers to

  • one complete heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax
    • Systole = contraction
    • Diastole = relaxation
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Average heart rate

  • approximately 75 beats per minute
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Cardiac cycle length

  • normally 0.8 second
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Blood vessels form

  • a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart
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Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

  • Arteries and arterioles
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Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood

  • Capillary beds
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Vessels that return blood toward the heart

  • Venules and veins
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Three layers (tunics)

  • in blood vessels (except the capillaries)
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Tunica media

  • Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
  • Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
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Arteries have

a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure

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Veins have

  • a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure
    • Veins also have valves to prevent backflow of blood
    • Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries
    • Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
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Capillaries

  • Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima)
  • Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
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Form networks called capillary beds that consist of:

  • A vascular shunt
  • True capillaries
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Blood flow through a capillary bed is known as

microcirculation