Topic 2: Industry and Immigration

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Last updated 7:38 PM on 9/8/26
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62 Terms

1
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Entrepreneur

A person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business

<p>A person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business</p>
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free enterprise

Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

<p>Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference</p>
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Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs/ businesses

<p>Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs/ businesses</p>
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Protective Tariffs

taxes that would make imported goods cost more than those made locally

<p>taxes that would make imported goods cost more than those made locally</p>
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patent

exclusive rights over an invention; copyright;

<p>exclusive rights over an invention; copyright;</p>
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Thomas Edison

Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations

<p>Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations</p>
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Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

<p>A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.</p>
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Suspension Bridges

bridges in which the roadway is suspended by steel cables

<p>bridges in which the roadway is suspended by steel cables</p>
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Time Zones

24 hour zones that 1,000 miles apart from the other, each one is an hour before or after the one next to it, helps to differentiate between the differnt times from one point on the Earth to another point.

<p>24 hour zones that 1,000 miles apart from the other, each one is an hour before or after the one next to it, helps to differentiate between the differnt times from one point on the Earth to another point.</p>
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mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

<p>Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply</p>
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cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

<p>a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.</p>
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Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL

<p>Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL</p>
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John Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that made a monopoly.

<p>Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that made a monopoly.</p>
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Cornelius Vanderbilt

United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

<p>United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)</p>
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Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

<p>Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US</p>
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Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

<p>A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts</p>
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Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group

<p>Complete control of a product or business by one person or group</p>
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Cartel

an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition.

<p>an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition.</p>
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Horizontal Integration

system of consolidating many firms in the same business

<p>system of consolidating many firms in the same business</p>
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trust

A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

<p>A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.</p>
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Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

<p>Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution</p>
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Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

<p>The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.</p>
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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

first federal agency monitoring business operations, created in 1887 to oversee interstate railroad procedures

<p>first federal agency monitoring business operations, created in 1887 to oversee interstate railroad procedures</p>
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Sherman Antitrust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

<p>an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States</p>
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Sweatshops

A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions

<p>A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions</p>
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Company Towns

a town owned by a corporation, usually consisting in highly priced housing, groceries, etc.

<p>a town owned by a corporation, usually consisting in highly priced housing, groceries, etc.</p>
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collective bargaining

negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

<p>negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.</p>
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Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

<p>A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.</p>
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Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

<p>labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms</p>
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Terrence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor

<p>Leader of the Knights of Labor</p>
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Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

<p>He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.</p>
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American Federation of Labor

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

<p>The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886</p>
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Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

<p>1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence</p>
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Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot

<p>1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot</p>
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Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking.

<p>Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking.</p>
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Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

<p>violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide</p>
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New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

<p>immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe</p>
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Steerage

the part of a ship providing accommodations for passengers with the cheapest tickets.

<p>the part of a ship providing accommodations for passengers with the cheapest tickets.</p>
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Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

<p>An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy</p>
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Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

<p>The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.</p>
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Americanization

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

<p>Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens</p>
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melting pot

A term often used to characterize the United States, with its history of immigration and mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples.

<p>A term often used to characterize the United States, with its history of immigration and mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples.</p>
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Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

<p>A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones</p>
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Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

<p>1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers</p>
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Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

<p>Movement of people from rural areas to cities</p>
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Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

<p>the movement of people from the countryside to the city</p>
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Skyscrapers

Tall building with many floors supported by a lightweight steel frame.

<p>Tall building with many floors supported by a lightweight steel frame.</p>
48
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Elisha Otis

Inventor who developed the first safety elevator in 1852.

<p>Inventor who developed the first safety elevator in 1852.</p>
49
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mass transit

public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people

<p>public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people</p>
50
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suburbs

residential areas surrounding a city

<p>residential areas surrounding a city</p>
51
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Frederick Law Olmsted

a landscape engineer who designed Central Park in New York City and parks in other major U.S. cities

<p>a landscape engineer who designed Central Park in New York City and parks in other major U.S. cities</p>
52
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Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

<p>Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived</p>
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Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food

<p>an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food</p>
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Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

<p>United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)</p>
55
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Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

<p>1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor</p>
56
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conspicuous consumerism

purchasing of goods and services for the purpose of impressing others

<p>purchasing of goods and services for the purpose of impressing others</p>
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Mass Culture

leisure and cultural activities shared by many people

<p>leisure and cultural activities shared by many people</p>
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Joseph Pulitzer

creator of the "New York World;"cut the prices so people could afford it; featured color comics and yellow journalism

<p>creator of the "New York World;"cut the prices so people could afford it; featured color comics and yellow journalism</p>
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William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

<p>A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."</p>
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Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

<p>Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work</p>
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Tin Pan Alley

the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

<p>the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century.</p>
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Vaudeville

A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts

<p>A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts</p>