Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the chapter on compartmentation, cells, and tissues.

Compartmentation

The organization of different cellular processes and structures in distinct cellular areas.

Tissue

Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function. organized into organs to perform specific function in body

Histology

The study of tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers the external body surface, lines body cavities and tubules.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that protects and binds body tissues.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that contracts and produces body movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that responds to stimuli and transmits impulses.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus.

Plasma Membrane

separates the cell content from the external environment. consists of fats, proteins, and carbs. Described by fluid mosaic model(lipid bilayer). The membrane surrounding a cell that regulates its internal environment.

Inclusion

Large, nonpermanent substances stored temporarily within cells.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death; a process dictated by genes. cancer cells don’t undergo apoptosis, but oxygen derived cells

Dysplasia

A change in cell shape, size, or arrangement due to inflammation.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of existing cells.

Necrosis

Accidental cell death due to injury or disease.

Metaplasia

The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside of cells that includes plasma and interstitial fluid.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid contained within cells.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The model describing the structure of cell membranes as a mosaic of components.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The arrangement of phospholipids in cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Integral Proteins

Proteins that are firmly embedded in or attach to the lipid bilayer.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins that attach loosely to the membrane surface.

Glycocalyx

The carbohydrate-rich covering of the cell membrane.

Microvilli

Minute projections on the cell surface that increase surface area.

Cytoskeleton

The network of protein fibers that provides structural support to cells.

Microfilaments

The thinnest component of the cytoskeleton, primarily made of actin.

Intermediate Filaments

Fibrous proteins that provide mechanical support and resistance to stress.

Microtubules

Hollow tubes made of tubulin that aid in cellular structure and transport.

Centrioles

Cylindrical structures that help in cell division.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum devoid of ribosomes involved in lipid synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

Lysosome

Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes.

Peroxisome

Organelles that detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids.

Nucleus Structure

Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin.

Chromatin

DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus.

Neurons

Nerve cells that send and process signals.

Glial Cells

Supporting cells in the nervous system.

Extracellular Matrix

The network of proteins and molecules in the extracellular space.

Cadherins

Cell adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell junctions.

Integrins

Cell adhesion molecules that facilitate cell-matrix adhesion.

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that connect adjacent cells.

Tight Junctions

Junctions that prevent movement of materials between cells.

Gap Junctions

Communicating junctions that allow passage of ions and small molecules.

Epithelial Classification

Characterized by layering (simple or stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release products to the external environment, usually through ducts.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue that stores fat.

Blood Tissue

Connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed cells (red and white blood cells).

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that is striated and under voluntary control.

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle found in the heart, involuntary and striated.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle that lines hollow organs.

Stem Cells

Cells capable of differentiating into various cell types.

Totipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can develop into any cell type.

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can develop into nearly any adult cell type.

Multipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can develop into a limited number of cell types.

Tissue Remodeling

The process involving cell death and regeneration of tissues.

Necrosis vs Apoptosis

Necrosis is accidental cell death; apoptosis is programmed and controlled.

Skin Layers

The epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin, contributing to skin color.

Clinical Focus - Melanoma

Serious form of skin cancer originating from melanocytes.

Four basic tissue types

epithelial tissue- covers external body surface as epidermis. Lines body cavities and tubules

connective tissue- protects and bonds body tissue

muscle tissue-contracts and produces body movement

nervous tissue- responds to stimuli and transmits impulses

cells have 3 major parts

the nucleus, the plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

Three major body cavities

cranial, thoracic, abdominopelvic

what are the fluid filled compartments

circulatory system, eyes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what are the lumens of hollow organs

heart, lungs, blood vessels, intestine that allow for the passage of fluids and substances.

what are 2 functional fluid compartments?

extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial fluid) and intracellular fluid

four functions of cell membrane

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, communication between the cell and it’s environment, and structural support

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer(micelle, liposome), with proteins (act as receptors, channels, enzymes), cholesterol, and carbohydrates (glycocalyx, glycoproteins) embedded within it.

What are intracellular compartments of the cell membrane?

Intracellular compartments of the cell include distinct membrane-bound structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, each with specific functions.

What are intracellular compartments of the cell membrane?

Intracellular compartments are membrane-bound structures within a cell, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles, that compartmentalize various cellular processes.