Animal Nutrition

Final Exam Review

What food item was required to be supplied on all British Navy ships?

lime juice

The daily supply of feed to an animal refers to what?

ration

T/F Alexis St Martin suffered a gunshot wound to the abdomen and was then studied by Dr. James Lind.

False

Antoine Lavoisier developed what technology?

Calorimeter

T/F Socrates proposed there were four humors found in food that could alter a person’s psychology.

False

T/F During the European Enlightenment they believed food (particularly from animal sources) contained spirits.

True

About how many different nutrients are discovered to be required by the body?

40

List the 6 classes of nutrients.

Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Minerals, and Vitamins

T/F Lavoisier thought the only nutrient was protein.

False

William Beaumont is considered the “Father of Gastric Physiology” and discovered what?

Digestion takes place by digestive juices

T/F Feed is the major cost in raising livestock.

True

A chemical element that is required for life refers to what?

nutrient

Dr. James Lind found a treatment for what disease?

Scurvy

The mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients refers to what?

Diet

Q2, To calculate protein, we multiply nitrogen by?

6\.25

Q2, Crude protein doesn’t actually measure protein. It measures?

Nitrogen

Q2, T/F Proximate analysis is sometimes called the Kjeldahl analysis.

False

Q2, Which of the following would be the remaining products left after ADF?

Lignin, Cellulose

Q2, Which of the following would be the remaining products left after NDF?

Lignin, Cellulose, Hemicellulose

Q2, T/F Dry matter can be conducted using an oven, refrigerator, or microwave.

False

Q2, Correctly name the identified proximate analysis fraction with the corresponding nutrient. Select the best choice for each.

Dry matter - Water

Ether Extract - Fat

Crude Protein - Protein

NFE - Soluble Carbohydrates

CF - Fibrous Carbohydrates

Ash - Minerals

Q2, T/F ADL will determine the lignin content in a forage.

True

Q2, T/F Lignin is completely digested by ruminants.

False

Q2, What type of company did Kjeldahl work for and develop his N analysis for?

Beer

Q3, T/F An example of baleage would be grass hay wet wrapped (baled and wrapped at higher moisture) that is allowed to ferment before feeding.

True

Q3, To be categorized as a protein concentrate, a feedstuff must contain more than what percentage protein?

20%

Q3, T/F Quality of hay is inversely proportional to age

True

Q3, T/F Forage losses from storage increase as percent moisture decrease

False

Q3, Describe the differences between pasture and range.

Pastures are often east of the Mississippi and are continuously maintained and worked on to be improved. Pastures often contain higher quality grass.

Ranges are west of the Mississippi and are untouched land and boundaries are usually natural land blocks. Ranges are usually bigger.

Q3, Put the following in order from highest protein to lowest protein concentration.

Highest

Alfalfa

Orchard grass

Bermuda grass

Lowest

Q3, Match the given feedstuffs to the appropriate classification.

A feed with the composition of 89%DM, 40%CP, 9%CF is a? Protein Concentrate

A feed with the composition of 89%DM, 9%CP, 5%EE, 13%CF is a? Energy Concentrate

Alfalfa hay is a? Roughage

MGA is a? Non-nutritive additive

Corn oil is a? Energy concentrate

Feather Meal is a? Protein Concentrate

Limestone is a? Mineral supplement

Fermentation products are a? Protein Concentrate

Q3, T/F Carbonaceous roughages have high protein levels.

False

Q3, T/F Fermentation will occur and become stable within 28 days of ensiling a forage.

True

Q3, To be categorized as a roughage, a feedstuff must have more than what percentage crude fiber?

18%

Q4, Horses, lack a ________, the organ responsible for secreting bile.

Gall Bladder

Q4, The three sections of the small intestine in order, include?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum

Q4, T/F The ventriculus is the “true stomach” of the avian GIT.

False

Q4, T/F Another name for an intestinal cell is an enterocyte.

True

Q4, Place in order from least efficient to most efficient at digesting fiber.

Least efficient

Non-Ruminants

Hind-gut Fermenters

Ruminants

Most efficient

Q4, T/F Pigs begin enzymatic digestion in the mouth.

True

Q4, T/F Horses have salivary amylase.

False

Put the animal into the correct digestive anatomy category. Select the BEST option. More than one animal species can be placed under a category.

Ruminant - Cow,Deer

Non-Ruminant - Pig,Dog

Hind-gut fermenter - Horse,Rabbit

Fore-gut fermenter - Llama,Camel

Q4, T/F A ruminant is always a foregut fermenter, but a foregut fermenter is not always a ruminant.

True

Q4, Cloaca literally means _______

Common Sewer

Q4, T/F Grit facilitates mechanical digestion in the bird.

True

Q4, T/F Caecotrophs are the hard, fibrous fecal material excreted by rabbits.

False

Q5, The zymogen for Trypsin is______ and it is activated by the enzyme ------

Trypsinogen, Enterokinase

Q5, Cholecystokinin is also known as ________

pancreozymin

_______ is the secretion that assists with fat digestion.

Bile

Q5, Match the appropriate term and statement

Example of cavital glycosidase - Pancreatic amylase

Example of an intestinal peptidase - Dipeptidase

Example of an intestinal glycosidase - Mannase

Example of cavital peptidase - Gastric pepsin

Q5 - T/F Pancreatic lipase preferentially hydrolyzes fatty acids in the 1 and 2 position of triglycerides.

False

Q5, ________ secrete pepsinogen and ------- secrete HCL

Chief Cells, Parietal Cells

Q5, Match the appropriate term term and statement.

This enzyme is low and not inducible in pigs from birth to 3 weeks of age. - Amylase

This Enzyme is induced for ruminants that are 3-8 weeks of age - Lactase

Action of this hormone is to inhibit the other GIT hormones - Somatostatin

Action of this hormone is to secrete water and bicabonate - Secretin

Action of this hormone is to empty gall bladder, inhibit HCL, stimulate synthesis of pancreatic enzymes, regulate glucose, produced satiety, and delay gastric emptying - CCK

Action of this hormone is to stimulate secretion of HCL and Pepsin - Gastrin

Action of this hormone is to inhibit HCL and gastric mobility - GIP

Q5, List the four roles of GIT secretions and an example of each.

Things that lubricate and protect the GIT - saliva, mucus

Things that alter pH - HCL

Things that do the digestion - enzymes

Things that assist with digestion - Bile

Q5, Choose the option that causes the most stimulation of gastrin.

Dietary proteins

Q5, _______ are substances that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific reaction.

Enzymes

Q6, Correctly place each carbohydrate in the correct category.

Carbohydrates that can be digested by mammals.

\-Maltose

\-Lactose

\-Sucrose

\-Amylopectin

Carbohydrates only digested by microbes

\-Cellobiose

\-Cellulose

\

Q6, T/F Galactose is not found free in nature.

True

Q6, During glycolysis glucose is converted to two ______ molecules.

pyruvate

Q6, T/F Some monosaccharides can be converted to glucose in the intestinal wall.

True

Q6, Categorize the correct definition with the term.

Glucogenesis - creation of new glucose from non-CHO sources

Glycogenolysis - Glycogen to glucose

Glycogenesis - Glucose to Glycogen

Q6, A monosaccharide has _______ sugar unit

One

Correctly categorize the sugar based on number of carbons.

Hexose - Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose

Pentose - Xylose, Ribose, Arabinose

Q6, The Embden-Myerhoff pathway is also known as _______

glycolysis

Q6, In ewes, Ketosis, is also known as __________

pregnancy disease

Q6, T/F Glucose can be catabolized to release energy for new tissue synthesis.

True

Q6, T/F With type II diabetes, insulin is not produced at all.

False

Q6, T/F The alpha glycosidic bond is formed when the OH on the carbon is above the glucose ring.

False

Q6, Glycogen can be found mainly in the ________ and -------

liver, muscle

Q6, A polysaccharide has more than _______ sugar units

ten

Q6, What are the three important steps for energy production?

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, and Electron Transport Chain

Q6, T/F Maximum ATP production must follow anaerobic pathways.

False

Q7, T/F Paylean, a beta-adrenergic agonist, will inhibit triglyceride catabolism.

False

Q7, T/F Protected choline can be supplemented to dairy cattle to prevent fatty liver.

True

Q7, Dietary lipid are coated with ------, as they enter the duodenum. This process allows for -------, which is the process of breaking down fat globules. This in turn ------ surface area. The enzyme ----- will then breakdown triglycerides into free fatty acids and a monoglyceride. Before fats can be transported across the intestinal cell they form -------. Once in the cell fats are reassembled into triglycerides and then coated with a protein. This complex is then called a -------. Once formed they will exit the cell via exocytosis and will enter the ------ system, which will eventually drain into the ------system.

Bile, emulsification, increases, lipase, micelles, chylomicron, lymphatic, circulatory

Q7, Select the fatty acids that would be liquid at room temperature.

Linoleic, Erucic, Oleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic

Q7, Describe the characteristics of these fats that would explain why they would be liquid.

These fats are not completely saturated and have at least one carbon-carbon double bond which would result in a lower freezing point than saturated fats and therefore would be liquids at room temperature and saturated fats would be solids at room temperature.

Q7, T/F Cholesterol content in the body is only driven by dietary consumption.

False

Q7, T/F All plant source fats are liquid at room temperature.

False

Q7, T/F Cholesterol can be biosynthesized from acetyl-CoA.

True

Q7, T/F Mammals will absorb long chain FA lipids via the circulatory system.

False

Q7, T/F Hydrogen bonds attach the fatty acids to the glycerol backbone.

False

Q7, T/F The chylomicron is formed in the lumen of the intestine before being absorbed across the brush border.

False

Q7, Categorize each fatty acid as either SFA, UFA, or PUFA. (Choose the most correct)

SFA

\-Myristic

\-Palmitic

\- Stearic

UFA

\-Oleic

PUFA

\- Linoleic

\-Linolenic

\-Arachidonic

Q7, T/F Chylomicrons have the lowest ratio of lipids to protein of the lipoproteins we discussed in class.

False

Q7, T/F The process of digesting fats requires the assistance of bile salts.

True

Q7, T/F HDL is considered the “good” cholesterol.

True

Q8, Hibernating animals rely on what source of water to survive?

Metabolic

Q8, T/F If a limiting amino acid is used up, protein synthesis that uses that amino acid can still continue.

False

Q8, T/F Methionine is a TSAA, limiting, and essential.

True

Q8, T/F Phenylalanine can be converted to methionine.

False

Q8, T/F Animal proteins have higher biological value than plant proteins.

True

Q8, T/F Protein degradation is often stimulated by glucocorticoids.

True

Q8, T/F Net energy from a protein is higher than fat due to the energy required to dispose of the by-products from N metabolism.

False

Q8, T/F The body can convert Methionine to Cystine.

True

Q8, Urea has 45% N, this makes it ----- percent crude protein?

281\.25

Q8, You can survive how many more times longer without food than water?

10

Q8, T/F The maillard reaction can bind an amino acid to a fat.

False

Q8, RUP stands for ------ and is the equivalent to ------- (UIP, or ------ protein

Ruminally undegraded protein, undegraded intake protein, bypass

Q8, Match the form of excess N to species

Fish - NH3

Birds - Uric acid

Terrestrial vertebrates - Urea