AP Bio Unit 8

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25 Terms

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Predation

One organism captures and consumes another (e.g., wolves preying on deer).

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Competition

Two or more species or individuals compete for limited resources like food, water, or shelter.

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Intraspecific Competition

Competition between individuals of the same species.

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Interspecific Competition

Competition between different species.

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Mutualism

A type of interaction where both species benefit (e.g., bees pollinating flowers).

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Commensalism

A relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (e.g., barnacles on whales).

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Parasitism

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another (e.g., ticks feeding on mammals).

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Abiotic Factors

Nonliving factors, such as sunlight, temperature, water, and soil, that affect organisms.

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Primary Producers

Autotrophs like plants and algae that utilize photosynthesis to create energy.

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Primary Consumers

Herbivores that feed on primary producers.

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Secondary Consumers

Carnivores and omnivores that consume primary consumers.

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Decomposers

Organisms that break down organic material and recycle nutrients (e.g., fungi, bacteria).

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Energy Transfer

The process in which ~10% of energy moves up each trophic level, with the rest lost as heat.

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Carbon Cycle

The cycle through which photosynthesis removes CO2, and respiration, decomposition, and combustion release it back into the atmosphere.

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Nitrogen Fixation

The process by which bacteria convert atmospheric N2 into usable forms like ammonia or nitrate.

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Carrying Capacity (K)

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain.

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Density-Dependent Factors

Factors that affect population growth based on population density, such as competition and disease.

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Density-Independent Factors

Factors that affect population growth regardless of population density, such as natural disasters and climate.

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Survivorship Curve Type I

Characterized by high survival in early/mid-life (e.g., humans).

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Survivorship Curve Type II

Characterized by a constant mortality rate (e.g., birds).

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Survivorship Curve Type III

Characterized by high mortality in early life (e.g., fish, plants).

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Climate Change

Long-term alterations in temperature and typical weather patterns in a place, often driven by rising CO2 levels.

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Invasive Species

Non-native species that disrupt local ecosystems by outcompeting native species or introducing new predators.

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Restoration Ecology

A strategy in conservation biology focused on rehabilitating degraded ecosystems.

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Protected Areas

Designated regions like national parks and wildlife reserves set aside for conservation efforts.