Unit 4 Topic 1 Biology

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20 Terms

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Somatic cells

Body cells that are diploid (2n), e.g., blood cells, lung cells.

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Gametes

Sex cells that are haploid (n), e.g., egg and sperm.

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Diploid

Cells that contain 2 full sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each parent.

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Haploid

Cells that contain 1 full set of chromosomes (n), as found in gametes.

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Autosomes

Chromosomes that carry traits that make you who you are, excluding sex chromosomes.

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Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine biological sex and carry traits, e.g., the 23rd pair (X or Y).

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Karyotype

A diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces gametes, resulting in haploid sex cells.

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Fertilization

The fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote.

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Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs that have the same types of genes, one from each parent.

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Sister chromatids

Identical copies of the same chromosome.

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Interphase

The growth phase of the cell cycle including G1, S, and G2 phases.

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Prophase I

Phase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over may occur.

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Crossing over

The process where homologous chromosomes swap pieces of DNA, creating genetic diversity.

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Telophase I

Phase where chromosomes gather at the poles and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into two cells.

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Metaphase II

Phase where sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cells single file.

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Anaphase II

Phase where sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cells.

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Telophase II

Phase where nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, resulting in 4 haploid cells.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical diploid somatic cells.

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Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces 4 unique haploid gametes.