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Somatic cells
Body cells that are diploid (2n), e.g., blood cells, lung cells.
Gametes
Sex cells that are haploid (n), e.g., egg and sperm.
Diploid
Cells that contain 2 full sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each parent.
Haploid
Cells that contain 1 full set of chromosomes (n), as found in gametes.
Autosomes
Chromosomes that carry traits that make you who you are, excluding sex chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine biological sex and carry traits, e.g., the 23rd pair (X or Y).
Karyotype
A diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell.
Meiosis
The process of cell division that produces gametes, resulting in haploid sex cells.
Fertilization
The fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote.
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs that have the same types of genes, one from each parent.
Sister chromatids
Identical copies of the same chromosome.
Interphase
The growth phase of the cell cycle including G1, S, and G2 phases.
Prophase I
Phase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over may occur.
Crossing over
The process where homologous chromosomes swap pieces of DNA, creating genetic diversity.
Telophase I
Phase where chromosomes gather at the poles and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into two cells.
Metaphase II
Phase where sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cells single file.
Anaphase II
Phase where sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cells.
Telophase II
Phase where nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, resulting in 4 haploid cells.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two identical diploid somatic cells.
Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces 4 unique haploid gametes.