Lab One Study Aid

Plasma Membrane

  all cells contain theses and are at the surface, a semi-permeable barrier between the inside and the outside of cells

Cytoplasm

all the rest of the cellular content

Cytosol

is commonly subdivided into intracellular fluid (Cytosol)

Organelles

small membrane enclosed compartments

Plasma Membrane molecules that are Hydrophobic:

Cholesterol

Plasma Membrane molecules that are Hydrophilic:

Carbohydrates

Plasma Membrane molecules that are Amphiphiles:

Phospholipids, Proteins

Extracellular Fluid?

outside the plasma membrane

Intracellular fluid?

inside the plasma membrane

List the trans plasma membrane ion concentrations for Na+, K+ and Ca2+?

• K+ concentration is at the highest concentration inside the cell

• Na+ is maintained at high concentration outside the cell

• Ca2+ concentration is relatively lower abundance and acts more like a cofactor inside cells

The three compartments are?

• plasma

• intracellular fluids

• interstitial fluid

What two fluids are the most similar?

intracellular fluid and plasma

Nucleus:

is often the largest organelle in cells and contains the genetic material which is used to make proteins

Nuclear Envelope

the nuclear membrane contains a double bilayer

DNA is transcribed to RNA

in the nucleus

RNA is translated to proteins

  outside the nucleus

Rough endoplasmic Reticulum

is an organelle that have a single bilayer membrane that is continuous with the outer member of the nucleus and it has ribosomes on it surface.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

is an organelle that have a single bilayer membrane continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus and no ribosomes aren’t present.

Golgi

organelle is commonly involved with continued modification and packaging of proteins

Vesicle

a small piece of membrane that forms a small sphere containing the a new protein

Mitochondria

are organelles involved with aerobic respiration which produces molecules that store chemical energy

Aerobic Respiration

  is O2 requiring

Anaerobic respiration

in the absence of O2, cells make high energy intermediates

Glycolysis

is one common anaerobic pathway that occurs in the cytosol

Lysosomes

are slightly acidic pH 4.5-5.0

Hydrolytic enzymes

only active at the sightly acidic pH

Connective Tissue

has extensive extracellular matrix where cells make up only a fraction of the total volume of the tissue. Connective Tissue is found throughout the body and help support structure and function of other tissue types

• Extracellular matrix

• Collagen

• Proteoglycans

• Glycosaminoglycans

Extracellular matrix

is comprised of many different organic molecules including proteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycan’s

Collagen

is a strong extracellular matrix protein and is the most abundant protein in the human body

Proteoglycans

are heavily glycosylated proteins

Glycosaminoglycans

are long polymers of polysaccharides

Epithelial tissue

are sheets of cells that cover the outer and inner surfaces of organs

• Lines the skin, cornea of the eye, line the gastrointestinal tract, the airways, the ureters, bladder and urethra of the urinary system

• Basal Lamina

• Endothelial

Basal Lamina

epitelia are sitting on top of a layer of extracellular matrix protein

Endothelial

the inner cell layer of blood vessels is also categorized as eptihelia

Muscle

are electrically excitable cells and provide movement

• Packed with actin (protein of the cytoskeleton) and myosin (motor protein)

Hypertonic

if solutes on the outside of the plasma membrane are increased, then water will flow from the lower solute concentration inside the cell (shrink)

Hypotonic

total solute on the outside of the cell is lower than water will move into the cell causing the fluid pressure to build up and possibly rupture the plasma membrane

Isotonic

solutions that are the correct tonicity

Osmosis

is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to the region of higher solute concentration

Interphase

consist of a growth phase (G1), synthesis phase, and second growth phase.

First growth phase

is the growth of cells that occurs immediately after the former cell division

Synthesis phase

consist of DNA replication in order to make 2 copies of DNA, one copy each for the 2 daughter cells of the next cell division.

Second growth phase

o   is when the cell is getting ready to divide

Mitosis

is the process of separating the 2 copies of DNA into the two daughter cells

Prophase

the DNA is starting to condense into chromosome

Anaphase

the chromosome pairs are split apart and are moved to separate poles which will become two new daughter cells

Telophase

the nuclear envelope of the two new daughter cells begin to reform and the chromosomes start to lose their form and become soluble again

Metaphase

the chromosome line up at the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell under the direction of the microtubule spindle

Cytokinesis

after nuclear division, the rest of the cellular components are divided relatively equally into the tow daughter cells by the process

Base

supports the weight of the entire microscope

Arm

holds the working parts of the microscope a set distance apart

Stage

used for supporting and sometimes immobilizing the sample

Objective

provide the greatest degree of change in magnification of the specimen

Coarse and fine focus

are used to bring the specimen into focus

o   Coarse knobs is the big one

o   Fine focus is the small knob

Eyepieces

are the part of the microscope where the user can view the specimen

Condenser

is a large lens between the light source and the specimen which is sued to focus the light on the specimen and provide and image with more define features

Diaphragm

allows the user to control the diameter of the cone of light coming from the light source